publications:
- title: "Probabilistic Models for Unified Collaborative and Content-Based Recommendation in Sparse-Data Environments"
  author:
  - name: "Alexandrin Popescul"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/alexandrin-popescul"
  - name: "Lyle H. Ungar"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/lyle-h.-ungar"
  - name: "David M. Pennock"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/david-m.-pennock"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  year: "2001"
  doi: "http://rome.exp.sis.pitt.edu/UAI/Abstract.asp?articleID=129&proceedingID=17"
  links:
    doi: "http://rome.exp.sis.pitt.edu/UAI/Abstract.asp?articleID=129&proceedingID=17"
  tags:
  - "rule-based"
  - "data-flow"
  - "Meta-Environment"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/PopesculUPL01"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "437-444"
  booktitle: "uai"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "PopesculUPL01"
- title: "Inquirus Web Meta-Search Tool: A User Evlaution Study"
  author:
  - name: "Amanda Spink"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/amanda-spink"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  year: "2000"
  tags:
  - "meta-model"
  - "C++"
  - "Meta-Environment"
  - "search"
  - "meta-objects"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/SpinkGL00"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "819-820"
  booktitle: "webnet"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "SpinkGL00"
- title: "eBizSearch: An OAI-Compliant Digital Library for eBusiness"
  author:
  - name: "Yves Petinot"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/yves-petinot"
  - name: "Pradeep B. Teregowda"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/pradeep-b.-teregowda"
  - name: "Hui Han"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/hui-han"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "Arvind Rangaswamy"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/arvind-rangaswamy"
  - name: "Nirmal Pal"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/nirmal-pal"
  year: "2003"
  doi: "http://csdl.computer.org/comp/proceedings/jcdl/2003/1939/00/19390199abs.htm"
  abstract: "Niche Search Engines offer an efficient alternative to traditional search engines when the results returned by general-purpose search engines do not provide a sufficient degree of relevance and when nontraditional search features are required. Niche search engines can take advantage of their domain of concentration to achieve higher relevance and offer enhanced features. We discuss a new digital library niche search engine, eBizSearch, dedicated to e-business and e-business documents. The ground technology for eBizSearch is CiteSeer, a specialpurpose automatic indexing document digital library and search engine developed at NEC Research Institute. We present here the integration of CiteSeer in the framework of eBizSearch and the process necessary to tune the whole system towards the specific area of e-business. We show how using machine learning algorithms we generate metadata to make eBizSearch Open Archives compliant. eBizSearch is a publicly available service and can be reached at [13]."
  links:
    doi: "http://csdl.computer.org/comp/proceedings/jcdl/2003/1939/00/19390199abs.htm"
  tags:
  - "machine learning"
  - "digital library"
  - "source-to-source"
  - "C++"
  - "digital libraries"
  - "e-science"
  - "search"
  - "open-source"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/PetinotTHGLRP03"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "199-209"
  booktitle: "JCDL"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "PetinotTHGLRP03"
- title: "Digital Libraries and Autonomous Citation Indexing"
  author:
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  - name: "Kurt D. Bollacker"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/kurt-d.-bollacker"
  year: "1999"
  abstract: "The Web is revolutionizing the way researchers access scientific literature, however scientific literature on the Web is largely disorganized. Autonomous citation indexing can help organize the literature by automating the construction of citation indices. Autonomous citation indexing aims to improve the dissemination and retrieval of scientific literature, and provides improvements in cost, availability, comprehensiveness, efficiency, and timeliness."
  tags:
  - "digital library"
  - "C++"
  - "digital libraries"
  - "autonomous citation indexing"
  - "citation indexing"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/LawrenceGB%3Acomputer%3A1999"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  journal: "Computer"
  volume: "32"
  number: "6"
  pages: "67-71"
  kind: "article"
  key: "LawrenceGB:computer:1999"
- title: "A System for Automatic Personalized Tracking of Scientific Literature on the Web"
  author:
  - name: "Kurt D. Bollacker"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/kurt-d.-bollacker"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  year: "1999"
  doi: "db/conf/dl/BollackerLG99.html"
  tags:
  - "C++"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/BollackerLG99"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "105-113"
  booktitle: "dl"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "BollackerLG99"
- title: "Lessons in Neural Network Training: Overfitting May be Harder than Expected"
  author:
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  - name: "Ah Chung Tsoi"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/ah-chung-tsoi"
  year: "1997"
  tags:
  - "C++"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/LawrenceGT97"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "540-545"
  booktitle: "AAAI"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "LawrenceGT97"
- title: "Focused Crawling Using Context Graphs"
  author:
  - name: "Michelangelo Diligenti"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/michelangelo-diligenti"
  - name: "Frans Coetzee"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/frans-coetzee"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  - name: "Marco Gori"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/marco-gori"
  year: "2000"
  doi: "db/conf/vldb/DiligentiCLGG00.html"
  tags:
  - "graph-rewriting"
  - "C++"
  - "context-aware"
  - "rewriting"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/DiligentiCLGG00"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "527-534"
  booktitle: "VLDB"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "DiligentiCLGG00"
- title: "Overfitting and Neural Networks: Conjugate Gradient and Backpropagation"
  author:
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  year: "2000"
  doi: "http://csdl.computer.org/comp/proceedings/ijcnn/2000/0619/01/06191114abs.htm"
  links:
    doi: "http://csdl.computer.org/comp/proceedings/ijcnn/2000/0619/01/06191114abs.htm"
  tags:
  - "C++"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/LawrenceG00%3A0"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "114-119"
  booktitle: "ijcnn"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "LawrenceG00:0"
- title: "eBizSearch: a niche search engine for e-business"
  author:
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  - name: "Yves Petinot"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/yves-petinot"
  - name: "Pradeep B. Teregowda"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/pradeep-b.-teregowda"
  - name: "Hui Han"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/hui-han"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "Arvind Rangaswamy"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/arvind-rangaswamy"
  - name: "Nirmal Pal"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/nirmal-pal"
  year: "2003"
  doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/860435.860527"
  links:
    doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/860435.860527"
  tags:
  - "C++"
  - "e-science"
  - "search"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/GilesPTHLRP03"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "413-414"
  booktitle: "sigir"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "GilesPTHLRP03"
- title: "REFEREE: An Open Framework for Practical Testing of Recommender Systems using ResearchIndex"
  author:
  - name: "Dan Cosley"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/dan-cosley"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "David M. Pennock"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/david-m.-pennock"
  year: "2002"
  doi: "http://www.vldb.org/conf/2002/S03P01.pdf"
  abstract: "Automated recommendation (e.g., personalized product recommendation on an ecommerce web site) is an increasingly valuable service associated with many databases—typically online retail catalogs and web logs. Currently, a major obstacle for evaluating recommendation algorithms is the lack of any standard, public, real-world testbed appropriate for the task. In an attempt to fill this gap, we have created REFEREE, a framework for building recommender systems using ResearchIndex—a huge online digital library of computer science research papers—so that anyone in the research community can develop, deploy, and evaluate recommender systems relatively easily and quickly. ResearchIndex is in many ways ideal for evaluating recommender systems, especially so-called hybrid recommenders that combine information filtering and collaborative filtering techniques. The documents in the database are associated with a wealth of content information (author, title, abstract, full text) and collaborative information (user behaviors), as well as linkage information via the citation structure. Our framework supports more realistic evaluation metrics that assess user buy-in directly, rather than resorting to offline metrics like prediction accuracy that may have little to do with end user utility. The sheer scale of ResearchIndex (over 500,000 documents with thousands of user accesses per hour) will force algorithm designers to make real-world tradeoffs that consider performance, not just accuracy. We present our own tradeoff decisions in building an example hybrid recommender called PD-Live. The algorithm uses contentbased similarity information to select a set of documents from which to recommend, and collaborative information to rank the documents. PD-Live performs reasonably well compared to other recommenders in ResearchIndex. "
  links:
    doi: "http://www.vldb.org/conf/2002/S03P01.pdf"
  tags:
  - "deployment"
  - "recommender systems"
  - "collaborative filtering"
  - "digital library"
  - "web service"
  - "testing"
  - "web science"
  - "source-to-source"
  - "digital libraries"
  - "e-science"
  - "database"
  - "recommendation algorithm"
  - "open-source"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/CosleyLP02"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "35-46"
  booktitle: "VLDB"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "CosleyLP02"
- title: "1 Billion Pages = 1 Million Dollars? Mining the Web to Play  Who Wants to be a Millionaire? "
  author:
  - name: "Shyong K. Lam"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/shyong-k.-lam"
  - name: "David M. Pennock"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/david-m.-pennock"
  - name: "Dan Cosley"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/dan-cosley"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  year: "2003"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/LamPCL03"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "337-345"
  booktitle: "uai"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "LamPCL03"
- title: "Presenting and Analyzing the Results of AI Experiments: Data Averaging and Data Snooping"
  author:
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  year: "1997"
  tags:
  - "data-flow"
  - "C++"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/GilesL97"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "362-367"
  booktitle: "AAAI"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "GilesL97"
- title: "Distributed Error Correction"
  author:
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "Kurt D. Bollacker"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/kurt-d.-bollacker"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  year: "1999"
  doi: "db/conf/dl/LawrenceBG99.html"
  tags:
  - "C++"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/LawrenceBG99"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "232"
  booktitle: "dl"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "LawrenceBG99"
- title: "Scholarly publishing in the Internet age: a citation analysis of computer science literature"
  author:
  - name: "Abby Goodrum"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/abby-goodrum"
  - name: "Katherine W. McCain"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/katherine-w.-mccain"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  year: "2001"
  tags:
  - "analysis"
  - "C++"
  - "e-science"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/GoodrumMLG01"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  journal: "ipm"
  volume: "37"
  number: "5"
  pages: "661-675"
  kind: "article"
  key: "GoodrumMLG01"
- title: "Extracting collective probabilistic forecasts from web games"
  author:
  - name: "David M. Pennock"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/david-m.-pennock"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "Finn Årup Nielsen"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/finn-%C3%A5rup-nielsen"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  year: "2001"
  doi: "http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=502512.502537"
  links:
    doi: "http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=502512.502537"
  tags:
  - "C++"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/PennockLNG01"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "174-183"
  booktitle: "kdd"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "PennockLNG01"
- title: "Self-Organization and Identification of Web Communities"
  author:
  - name: "Gary William Flake"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/gary-william-flake"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  - name: "Frans Coetzee"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/frans-coetzee"
  year: "2002"
  doi: "http://computer.org/computer/co2002/r3066abs.htm"
  abstract: "Despite the decentralized and unorganized nature of the web, we show that the web self-organizes such that communities of highly related pages can be efficiently identified based purely on connectivity. This discovery allows the identification of communities independent of, and unbiased by, the specific words used by authors. Applications include improved search engines, content filtering, and objective analysis of relationships within and between communities on the web."
  links:
    doi: "http://computer.org/computer/co2002/r3066abs.htm"
  tags:
  - "community engineering"
  - "rule-based"
  - "discovery"
  - "web engineering"
  - "analysis"
  - "C++"
  - "web applications"
  - "web communities"
  - "search"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/FlakeLGC02"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  journal: "Computer"
  volume: "35"
  number: "3"
  pages: "66-71"
  kind: "article"
  key: "FlakeLGC02"
- title: "Clustering and Identifying Temporal Trends in Document Databases"
  author:
  - name: "Alexandrin Popescul"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/alexandrin-popescul"
  - name: "Gary William Flake"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/gary-william-flake"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "Lyle H. Ungar"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/lyle-h.-ungar"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  year: "2000"
  doi: "http://www.computer.org/proceedings/adl/0659/06590173abs.htm"
  links:
    doi: "http://www.computer.org/proceedings/adl/0659/06590173abs.htm"
  tags:
  - "C++"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/PopesculFLUG00"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "173-182"
  booktitle: "adl"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "PopesculFLUG00"
- title: "Feature Selection in Web Applications by ROC Inflections and Powerset Pruning"
  author:
  - name: "Frans Coetzee"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/frans-coetzee"
  - name: "Eric J. Glover"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/eric-j.-glover"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  year: "2001"
  doi: "http://computer.org/proceedings/saint/0942/09420005abs.htm"
  links:
    doi: "http://computer.org/proceedings/saint/0942/09420005abs.htm"
  tags:
  - "C++"
  - "web applications"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/CoetzeeGLG01"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "5-14"
  booktitle: "saint"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "CoetzeeGLG01"
- title: "Discovering Relevant Scientific Literature on the Web"
  author:
  - name: "Kurt D. Bollacker"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/kurt-d.-bollacker"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  year: "2000"
  doi: "http://www.computer.org/intelligent/ex2000/x2042abs.htm"
  links:
    doi: "http://www.computer.org/intelligent/ex2000/x2042abs.htm"
  tags:
  - "C++"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/BollackerLG00"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  journal: "expert"
  volume: "15"
  number: "2"
  pages: "42-47"
  kind: "article"
  key: "BollackerLG00"
- title: "Learning search engine specific query transformations for question answering"
  author:
  - name: "Eugene Agichtein"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/eugene-agichtein"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "Luis Gravano"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/luis-gravano"
  year: "2001"
  doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/371920.371976"
  abstract: "We introduce a method for learning query transformations that improves the ability to retrieve answers to questions from an information retrieval system. During the training stage the method involves automatically learning phrase features for classifying questions into different types, automatically generating candidate query transformations from a training set of question/answer pairs, and automatically evaluating the candidate transforms on target information retrieval systems such as real-world general purpose search engines. At run time, questions are transformed into a set of queries, and re-ranking is performed on the documents retrieved. We present a prototype search engine, Tritus, that applies the method to web search engines. Blind evaluation on a set of real queries from a web search engine log shows that the method significantly outperforms the underlying web search engines as well as a commercial search engine specializing in question answering."
  links:
    doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/371920.371976"
  tags:
  - "information retrieval"
  - "type system"
  - "transformation system"
  - "search"
  - "transformation"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/AgichteinLG01"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "169-178"
  booktitle: "WWW"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "AgichteinLG01"
- title: "Natural language grammatical inference: a comparison of recurrent neural networks and machine learning methods"
  author:
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "Sandiway Fong"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/sandiway-fong"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  year: "1995"
  tags:
  - "machine learning"
  - "C++"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/LawrenceFG95"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "33-47"
  booktitle: "IJCAI"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "LawrenceFG95"
- title: "Using web structure for classifying and describing web pages"
  author:
  - name: "Eric J. Glover"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/eric-j.-glover"
  - name: "Kostas Tsioutsiouliklis"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/kostas-tsioutsiouliklis"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "David M. Pennock"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/david-m.-pennock"
  - name: "Gary William Flake"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/gary-william-flake"
  year: "2002"
  doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/511446.511520"
  links:
    doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/511446.511520"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/GloverTLPF02"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "562-569"
  booktitle: "WWW"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "GloverTLPF02"
- title: "ResearchIndex: inside the world s largest free full-text index of scientific literature"
  author:
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  year: "2001"
  doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/500737.500740"
  abstract: " ResearchIndex (also known as CiteSeer) is a digital library of scientific literature that aims to improve communication and progress in science. This talk covers the design, implementation, and operation of ResearchIndex. "
  links:
    doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/500737.500740"
  tags:
  - "design science"
  - "ResearchIndex"
  - "digital library"
  - "digital libraries"
  - "e-science"
  - "design"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/Lawrence01%3A0"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "3"
  booktitle: "kcap"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "Lawrence01:0"
- title: "Learning to find answers to questions on the Web"
  author:
  - name: "Eugene Agichtein"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/eugene-agichtein"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "Luis Gravano"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/luis-gravano"
  year: "2004"
  doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/990301.990303"
  links:
    doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/990301.990303"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/AgichteinLG04"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  journal: "ACM Trans. Internet Techn."
  volume: "4"
  number: "2"
  pages: "129-162"
  kind: "article"
  key: "AgichteinLG04"
- title: "Natural Language Grammatical Inference with Recurrent Neural Networks"
  author:
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  - name: "Sandiway Fong"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/sandiway-fong"
  year: "2000"
  doi: "http://www.computer.org/tkde/tk2000/k0126abs.htm"
  links:
    doi: "http://www.computer.org/tkde/tk2000/k0126abs.htm"
  tags:
  - "C++"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/LawrenceGF00"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  journal: "tkde"
  volume: "12"
  number: "1"
  pages: "126-140"
  kind: "article"
  key: "LawrenceGF00"
- title: "Information incorporation in online in-Game sports betting markets"
  author:
  - name: "Sandip Debnath"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/sandip-debnath"
  - name: "David M. Pennock"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/david-m.-pennock"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  year: "2003"
  doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/779928.779987"
  links:
    doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/779928.779987"
  tags:
  - "C++"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/DebnathPGL03"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "258-259"
  booktitle: "sigecom"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "DebnathPGL03"
- title: "Context and Page Analysis for Improved Web Search"
  author:
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  year: "1998"
  tags:
  - "analysis"
  - "C++"
  - "context-aware"
  - "search"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/LawrenceG98%3A0"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  journal: "internet"
  volume: "2"
  number: "4"
  pages: "38-46"
  kind: "article"
  key: "LawrenceG98:0"
- title: "Persistence of Web References in Scientific Research"
  author:
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "David M. Pennock"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/david-m.-pennock"
  - name: "Gary William Flake"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/gary-william-flake"
  - name: "Robert Krovetz"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/robert-krovetz"
  - name: "Frans Coetzee"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/frans-coetzee"
  - name: "Eric J. Glover"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/eric-j.-glover"
  - name: "Finn Årup Nielsen"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/finn-%C3%A5rup-nielsen"
  - name: "Andries Kruger"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/andries-kruger"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  year: "2001"
  doi: "http://computer.org/computer/co2001/r2026abs.htm"
  links:
    doi: "http://computer.org/computer/co2001/r2026abs.htm"
  tags:
  - "C++"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/LawrencePFKCGNKG01"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  journal: "Computer"
  volume: "34"
  number: "2"
  pages: "26-31"
  kind: "article"
  key: "LawrencePFKCGNKG01"
- title: "Inferring hierarchical descriptions"
  author:
  - name: "Eric J. Glover"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/eric-j.-glover"
  - name: "David M. Pennock"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/david-m.-pennock"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "Robert Krovetz"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/robert-krovetz"
  year: "2002"
  doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/584792.584876"
  links:
    doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/584792.584876"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/GloverPLK02"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "507-514"
  booktitle: "CIKM"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "GloverPLK02"
- title: "Static and Dynamic Analysis of the Internet s Susceptibility to Faults and Attacks"
  author:
  - name: "Seung-Taek Park"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/seung-taek-park"
  - name: "Alexy Khrabrov"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/alexy-khrabrov"
  - name: "David M. Pennock"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/david-m.-pennock"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  - name: "Lyle H. Ungar"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/lyle-h.-ungar"
  year: "2003"
  doi: "http://www.ieee-infocom.org/2003/papers/52_03.PDF"
  links:
    doi: "http://www.ieee-infocom.org/2003/papers/52_03.PDF"
  tags:
  - "analysis"
  - "static analysis"
  - "C++"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/ParkKPLGU03"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "2144-2154"
  booktitle: "infocom"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "ParkKPLGU03"
- title: "Improving access to scientific literature"
  author:
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  year: "2002"
  doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/584931.584932"
  abstract: "CiteSeer (also known as ResearchIndex) is a digital library of scientific literature that aims to improve communication and progress in science. CiteSeer features include automatic metadata extraction, autonomous citation indexing, graph analysis, citation context extraction, and related document computation. This talk covers the design, implementation, and operation of CiteSeer.Steve Lawrence is a Senior Research Scientist at NEC Research Institute, Princeton, NJ. His research interests include information retrieval and machine learning. Dr. Lawrence has published over 50 papers in these areas, including articles in Science, Nature, CACM, and IEEE Computer. He has been interviewed by over 100 news organizations including the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, Reuters, Associated Press, CNN, MSNBC, BBC, and NPR. Hundreds of articles about his research have appeared worldwide in over 10 different languages. "
  links:
    doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/584931.584932"
  tags:
  - "design science"
  - "ResearchIndex"
  - "machine learning"
  - "information retrieval"
  - "digital library"
  - "design research"
  - "analysis"
  - "language design"
  - "graph-rewriting"
  - "digital libraries"
  - "e-science"
  - "context-aware"
  - "rewriting"
  - "design"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/Lawrence02"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "55"
  booktitle: "widm"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "Lawrence02"
- title: "Convolutional Neural Networks for Face Recognition"
  author:
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  - name: "Ah Chung Tsoi"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/ah-chung-tsoi"
  year: "1996"
  doi: "http://dlib2.computer.org/conferen/cvpr/7258/pdf/72580207.pdf"
  links:
    doi: "http://dlib2.computer.org/conferen/cvpr/7258/pdf/72580207.pdf"
  tags:
  - "C++"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/LawrenceGT96"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "217-222"
  booktitle: "cvpr"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "LawrenceGT96"
- title: "Bayesian Classification and Feature Selection from Finite Data Sets"
  author:
  - name: "Frans Coetzee"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/frans-coetzee"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  year: "2000"
  doi: "http://rome.exp.sis.pitt.edu/UAI/Abstract.asp?articleID=11&proceedingID=16"
  links:
    doi: "http://rome.exp.sis.pitt.edu/UAI/Abstract.asp?articleID=11&proceedingID=16"
  tags:
  - "classification"
  - "data-flow"
  - "C++"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/CoetzeeLG00"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "89-97"
  booktitle: "uai"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "CoetzeeLG00"
- title: "Extracting query modifications from nonlinear SVMs"
  author:
  - name: "Gary William Flake"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/gary-william-flake"
  - name: "Eric J. Glover"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/eric-j.-glover"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  year: "2002"
  doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/511446.511488"
  links:
    doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/511446.511488"
  tags:
  - "C++"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/FlakeGLG02"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "317-324"
  booktitle: "WWW"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "FlakeGLG02"
- title: "Architecture of a Metasearch Engine That Supports User Information Needs"
  author:
  - name: "Eric J. Glover"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/eric-j.-glover"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "William P. Birmingham"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/william-p.-birmingham"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  year: "1999"
  doi: "db/conf/cikm/GloverLBG99.html"
  tags:
  - "architecture"
  - "C++"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/GloverLBG99"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "210-216"
  booktitle: "CIKM"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "GloverLBG99"
- title: "Indexing and Retrieval of Scientific Literature"
  author:
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "Kurt D. Bollacker"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/kurt-d.-bollacker"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  year: "1999"
  doi: "db/conf/cikm/LawrenceBG99.html"
  tags:
  - "C++"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/LawrenceBG99%3A0"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "139-146"
  booktitle: "CIKM"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "LawrenceBG99:0"
- title: "Efficient SVM Regression Training with SMO"
  author:
  - name: "Gary William Flake"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/gary-william-flake"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  year: "2002"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/FlakeL02"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  journal: "ml"
  volume: "46"
  number: "1-3"
  pages: "271-290"
  kind: "article"
  key: "FlakeL02"
- title: "Collaborative Filtering by Personality Diagnosis: A Hybrid Memory and Model-Based Approach"
  author:
  - name: "David M. Pennock"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/david-m.-pennock"
  - name: "Eric Horvitz"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/eric-horvitz"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  year: "2000"
  doi: "http://rome.exp.sis.pitt.edu/UAI/Abstract.asp?articleID=55&proceedingID=16"
  abstract: "The growth of Internet commerce has stimulated the use of collaborative filtering (CF) algorithms as recommender systems. Such systems leverage knowledge about the known preferences of multiple users to recommend items of interest to other users. CF methods have been harnessed to make recommendations about such items as web pages, movies, books, and toys. Researchers have proposed and evaluated many approaches for generating recommendations. We describe and evaluate a new method called personality diagnosis (PD). Given a user’s preferences for some items, we compute the probability that he or she is of the same “personality type” as other users, and, in turn, the probability that he or she will like new items. PD retains some of the advantages of traditional similarity-weighting techniques in that all data is brought to bear on each prediction and new data can be added easily and incrementally. Additionally, PD has a meaningful probabilistic interpretation, which may be leveraged to justify, explain, and augment results. We report empirical results on the EachMovie database of movie ratings, and on user profile data collected from the CiteSeer digital library of Computer Science research papers. The probabilistic framework naturally supports a variety of descriptive measurements—in particular, we consider the applicability of a value of information (VOI) computation."
  links:
    doi: "http://rome.exp.sis.pitt.edu/UAI/Abstract.asp?articleID=55&proceedingID=16"
  tags:
  - "empirical"
  - "rule-based"
  - "recommender systems"
  - "collaborative filtering"
  - "digital library"
  - "web science"
  - "user profiling"
  - "type system"
  - "data-flow"
  - "C++"
  - "digital libraries"
  - "e-science"
  - "information models"
  - "database"
  - "incremental"
  - "systematic-approach"
  - "recommendation algorithm"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/PennockHLG00"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "473-480"
  booktitle: "uai"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "PennockHLG00"
- title: "The Quest for Ground Truth in Musical Artist Similarity"
  author:
  - name: "Daniel P. W. Ellis"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/daniel-p.-w.-ellis"
  - name: "Brian Whitman"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/brian-whitman"
  - name: "Adam Berenzweig"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/adam-berenzweig"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  year: "2002"
  doi: "http://ismir2002.ismir.net/proceedings/02-FP05-4.pdf"
  links:
    doi: "http://ismir2002.ismir.net/proceedings/02-FP05-4.pdf"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/EllisWBL02"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  booktitle: "ismir"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "EllisWBL02"
- title: "Improving Category Specific Web Search by Learning Query Modifications"
  author:
  - name: "Eric J. Glover"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/eric-j.-glover"
  - name: "Gary William Flake"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/gary-william-flake"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "William P. Birmingham"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/william-p.-birmingham"
  - name: "Andries Kruger"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/andries-kruger"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  - name: "David M. Pennock"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/david-m.-pennock"
  year: "2001"
  doi: "http://computer.org/proceedings/saint/0942/09420023abs.htm"
  links:
    doi: "http://computer.org/proceedings/saint/0942/09420023abs.htm"
  tags:
  - "C++"
  - "search"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/GloverFLBKGP01"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "23"
  booktitle: "saint"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "GloverFLBKGP01"
- title: "Neural Network Classification and Prior Class Probabilities"
  author:
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "Ian Burns"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/ian-burns"
  - name: "Andrew D. Back"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/andrew-d.-back"
  - name: "Ah Chung Tsoi"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/ah-chung-tsoi"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  year: "1996"
  doi: "http://link.springer.de/link/service/series/0558/bibs/1524/15240299.htm"
  links:
    doi: "http://link.springer.de/link/service/series/0558/bibs/1524/15240299.htm"
  tags:
  - "classification"
  - "C++"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/LawrenceBBTG96"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "299-313"
  booktitle: "nips"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "LawrenceBBTG96"
- title: "Autonomous Citation Matching"
  author:
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  - name: "Kurt D. Bollacker"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/kurt-d.-bollacker"
  year: "1999"
  doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/301136.301255"
  abstract: "Advances in computational resources and the communications infrastructure, and the rapid rise of the World Wide Web, have led to the increasingly widespread availability of scientific papers in electronic form. Scientific papers usually contain citations to previous work, and indices of these citations are valuable for literature search, analysis, and evaluation. Current citation indices of the scientific literature are constructed using manual effort and are typically expensive. Part of the reason for using manual effort is the great variability of citation syntax – it can be difficult to autonomously determine if two citations refer to the same article because citations can be written in many different formats. We present machine learning techniques that identify variant forms of citations to the same paper. A number of algorithms are presented. An algorithm based on word and phrase matching is found to perform best, and is sufficiently accurate for unassisted use in an autonomous citation indexing system. An algorithm based on a string edit distance performs poorly in comparison. A computationally efficient subfield algorithm is also presented. The accuracy and efficiency of all algorithms is quantitatively compared on a number of datasets."
  links:
    doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/301136.301255"
  tags:
  - "rule-based"
  - "machine learning"
  - "analysis"
  - "C++"
  - "edit distance"
  - "search"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/LawrenceGB99"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "392-393"
  booktitle: "agents"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "LawrenceGB99"
- title: "Winners don t take all: Characterizing the competition for links on the web"
  author:
  - name: "David M. Pennock"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/david-m.-pennock"
  - name: "Gary William Flake"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/gary-william-flake"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "Eric J. Glover"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/eric-j.-glover"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  year: "2002"
  doi: "http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.032085699"
  links:
    doi: "http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.032085699"
  tags:
  - "C++"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/PennockFLGG02"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  journal: "pnas"
  volume: "99"
  number: "8"
  pages: "5207-5211"
  kind: "article"
  key: "PennockFLGG02"
- title: "Efficient identification of Web communities"
  author:
  - name: "Gary William Flake"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/gary-william-flake"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  year: "2000"
  doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/347090.347121"
  links:
    doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/347090.347121"
  tags:
  - "C++"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/FlakeLG00"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "150-160"
  booktitle: "kdd"
  kind: "inproceedings"
  key: "FlakeLG00"
- title: "Inquirus, the NECI Meta Search Engine"
  author:
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  year: "1998"
  doi: "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7552(98)00095-6"
  links:
    doi: "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7552(98)00095-6"
  tags:
  - "meta-model"
  - "C++"
  - "Meta-Environment"
  - "search"
  - "meta-objects"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/LawrenceG98"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  journal: "cn"
  volume: "30"
  number: "1-7"
  pages: "95-105"
  kind: "article"
  key: "LawrenceG98"
- title: "Mining the peanut gallery: opinion extraction and semantic classification of product reviews"
  author:
  - name: "Kushal Dave"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/kushal-dave"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "David M. Pennock"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/david-m.-pennock"
  year: "2003"
  doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/775152.775226"
  links:
    doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/775152.775226"
  tags:
  - "classification"
  - "reviewing"
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- title: "The Gamma MLP for Speech Phoneme Recognition"
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  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
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  - name: "Ah Chung Tsoi"
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  - name: "Andrew D. Back"
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  doi: "http://nips.djvuzone.org/djvu/nips08/0785.djvu"
  links:
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- title: "DEADLINER: Building a New Niche Search Engine"
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  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
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  - name: "Frans Coetzee"
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  - name: "Eric J. Glover"
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  - name: "Gary William Flake"
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  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
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  - name: "Christian W. Omlin"
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  year: "2000"
  doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/354756.354829"
  links:
    doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/354756.354829"
  tags:
  - "C++"
  - "search"
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  pages: "272-281"
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- title: "Noisy Time Series Prediction using Recurrent Neural Networks and Grammatical Inference"
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  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
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  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
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  - name: "Ah Chung Tsoi"
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  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/GilesLT01"
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- title: "Accessibility of information on the Web"
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  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  year: "2000"
  doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/333175.333181"
  abstract: "Search engines do not index sites equally, may not index new pages for months, and no engine indexes more than about 16% of the web. As the web becomes a major communications medium, the data on it must be made more accessible."
  links:
    doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/333175.333181"
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  - "search"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/LawrenceG00"
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  journal: "sigart"
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- title: "Context in Web Search"
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  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
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  year: "2000"
  doi: "http://sites.computer.org/debull/A00SEP-CD.pdf"
  links:
    doi: "http://sites.computer.org/debull/A00SEP-CD.pdf"
  tags:
  - "context-aware"
  - "search"
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  journal: "DEBU"
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- title: "Overfitting in Neural Nets: Backpropagation, Conjugate Gradient, and Early Stopping"
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  - name: "Rich Caruana"
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  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
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  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
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  cites: 0
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  pages: "402-408"
  booktitle: "nips"
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- title: "CiteSeer: An Automatic Citation Indexing System"
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  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
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  - name: "Kurt D. Bollacker"
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  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
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  year: "1998"
  doi: "db/conf/dl/GilesBL98.html"
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  - "C++"
  - "citation indexing"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/GilesBL98"
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  pages: "89-98"
  booktitle: "DL"
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- title: "Web Search - Your Way"
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  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
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  - name: "Michael D. Gordon"
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  - name: "William P. Birmingham"
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  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
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  year: "2001"
  doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/501317.501319"
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    doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/501317.501319"
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  - "C++"
  - "search"
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  journal: "CACM"
  volume: "44"
  number: "12"
  pages: "97-102"
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- title: "Persistence of information on the web: Analyzing citations contained in research articles"
  author:
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "Frans Coetzee"
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  - name: "Gary William Flake"
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  - name: "David M. Pennock"
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  - name: "Finn Årup Nielsen"
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  - name: "Andries Kruger"
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  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  year: "2000"
  doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/354756.354824"
  links:
    doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/354756.354824"
  tags:
  - "C++"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/LawrenceCFPKNKG00"
  cites: 0
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  pages: "235-242"
  booktitle: "CIKM"
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  key: "LawrenceCFPKNKG00"
- title: "Statistical Relational Learning for Document Mining"
  author:
  - name: "Alexandrin Popescul"
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  - name: "Lyle H. Ungar"
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  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "David M. Pennock"
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  year: "2003"
  doi: "http://csdl.computer.org/comp/proceedings/icdm/2003/1978/00/19780275abs.htm"
  links:
    doi: "http://csdl.computer.org/comp/proceedings/icdm/2003/1978/00/19780275abs.htm"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/PopesculULP03"
  cites: 0
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  pages: "275-282"
  booktitle: "icdm"
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- title: "CiteSeer: An Autonous Web Agent for Automatic Retrieval and Identification of Interesting Publications"
  author:
  - name: "Kurt D. Bollacker"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/kurt-d.-bollacker"
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  year: "1998"
  doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/280765.280786"
  links:
    doi: "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/280765.280786"
  tags:
  - "C++"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/BollackerLG98"
  cites: 0
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  pages: "116-123"
  booktitle: "agents"
  kind: "inproceedings"
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- title: "Text and Image Metasearch on the Web"
  author:
  - name: "Steve Lawrence"
    link: "http://research.google.com/pubs/author103.html"
  - name: "C. Lee Giles"
    link: "https://researchr.org/alias/c.-lee-giles"
  year: "1999"
  tags:
  - "C++"
  researchr: "https://researchr.org/publication/LawrenceG99"
  cites: 0
  citedby: 0
  pages: "829-835"
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