Meta-analysis of large language models: benchmarking DeepSeek-R1 against ChatGPT, Gemini, Qwen, and LLaMA

Shafique Ahmed Awan, Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak, Abdullah Ayub Khan, Anwar Ali Sathio, Jamil Abedalrahim Jamil Alsayaydeh, Rex Bacarra, Safarudin Gazali Herawan, Rehman Aziz. Meta-analysis of large language models: benchmarking DeepSeek-R1 against ChatGPT, Gemini, Qwen, and LLaMA. J. Big Data, 13(1):26, December 2026. [doi]

Abstract

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