Journal: IEEE Transactions on Communications

Volume 20, Issue 6

1051 -- 1062Ole A. Pedersen. Analysis of Variance of Traffic Usage Data
1063 -- 1073Jhong S. Lee, Donald G. Woodring. Considerations of Nonlinear Effects in Phase-Modulation Systems
1073 -- 1079Stefan J. Michalak, William J. Older, Godfrey W. Muehle. A Theoretical Analysis of Telephone Dial Pulse Signaling
1079 -- 1086William M. Hubbard. Comparative Performance of Twin-Channel and Single-Channel Optical-Frequency Receivers
1087 -- 1096Adisai Bodharamik, John B. Moore, Robert W. Newcomb. Optimum Detection and Signal Design for Channels With Non- but Near-Gaussian Additive Noise
1097 -- 1100John V. Hanson. Complex Detection: A Waveform Preserving Technique for Single-Sideband Demodulation
1100 -- 1107Sing-Hsiung Lin. Statistical Behavior of Deep Fades of Diversity Signals
1108 -- 1121Joseph C. Yater. Signal Relay Systems Using Large Space Arrays
1121 -- 1128William C. Lindsey, Marvin K. Simon. On the Detection of Differentially Encoded Polyphase Signals
1128 -- 1136Marvin K. Simon, James C. Springett. The Performance of a Noncoherent FSK Receiver Preceded by a Bandpass Limiter
1136 -- 1139R. W. Chang, James E. Mazo, Jack Salz. Stability Analysis of a Digital Rate-Locked Loop
1139 -- 1142Donald L. Snyder, Ian B. Rhodes. Phase and Frequency Tracking Accuracy in Direct-Detection Optical-Communication Systems
1142 -- 1150Joseph H. Yuen. A Double-Loop Tracking System
1150 -- 1153Gerald Rabow. Amplitude- and Time-Limited Functions With Minimum Out-of-Band Energy
1153 -- 1158M. J. Wilmut, L. Lorne Campbell. Signal Detection in the Presence of Cochannel Interference and Noise
1158 -- 1159W. J. Lavery. Efficient Synchronization for Digital TV Phone Transmission
1159 -- 1165Joseph Garodnick, John Greco, Donald L. Schilling. Theory of Operation and Design of an All-Digital FM Discriminator
1165 -- 1169Francis S. Hill Jr.. On Bandwidth Requirements for Multilevel PCM Encoders
1169 -- 1175Yang Fang. Carrier Phase-Jitter Extraction Method for VSB and SSB Data Transmission Systems
1176 -- 1181E. Fariello. A Digital Echo Suppressor for Satellite Circuits
1182 -- 1184J. N. Franklin, John R. Pierce. Spectra and Efficiency of Binary Codes Without DC
1184 -- 1188Stanley A. White. An Adaptive Electronic Hybrid Transformer
1188 -- 1193William C. Y. Lee. Effect of Mutual Coupling on a Mobile-Radio Maximum Ratio Diversity Combiner With a Large Number of Branches
1194 -- 1198M. M. Alavi-Sereshki, J. C. Prabhakar. A Tabulation of Hilbert Transforms for Electrical Engineers
1198 -- 1200Jon W. Mark, Paul P. Dasiewicz. A Bipolar Signal Waveform Generator
1200 -- 1201Edward J. Henley. Comments on "Performance of an Experimental Angle-Diversity Troposcatter System"
1201 -- 0J. Yan, Robert W. Donaldson. Correction to "Subjective Effects of Channel Transmission Errors on PCM and DPCM Voice Communication Systems"
1202 -- 1203A. H. Haddad. Signal Processing, Modulation and Noise
1202 -- 0Lee D. Davisson. Rate Distortion Theory: A Mathematical Basis for Data Compression

Volume 20, Issue 5

835 -- 0Donald L. Schilling. Special Issues, Page Charges, and a Dues Increase
836 -- 846Steinar Andresen, Stephen R. Harrison. Toward a General Class of Time-Division-Multiplexed Connecting Networks
847 -- 851Toshio Motoki, Yukio Sugiura, Takao Chiba. Automatic Acquisition and Tracking System for Laser Communication
852 -- 856Israel Bar-David, Pinhas Boukris. Reciprocal Mean-Square Error and Signal-to-Noise Ratio as Distinct Performance Measures in Below-Threshold Communication
857 -- 864Steven H. Richman, Mischa Schwartz. Dynamic Programming Training Period for an MSE Adaptive Equalizer
865 -- 877Donald A. Gall, Hans R. Mueller. Waiting-Time Distributions and Buffer Overflow in Priority Queueing Systems
877 -- 884Yoshitaka Takasaki. Timing Extraction in Baseband Pulse Transmission
884 -- 890Rajendran Ramachandran, Willem Steenaart. Optimal Equalization of Discrete Signals Passed Through a Random Channel
890 -- 899Charles B. Rubinstein, John O. Limb. Statistical Dependence Between Components of a Differentially Quantized Color Signal
900 -- 912John B. O'Neal Jr., Raymond W. Stroh. Differential PCM for Speech and Data Signals
912 -- 923William C. Y. Lee, Yu S. Yeh. Polarization Diversity System for Mobile Radio
923 -- 929Kotaro Kawamura, Norihiko Morinaga, Toshihiko Namekawa. Frequency Conversion and Limiter Action for an Angle-Modulated Wave With Amplitude Fluctuation in a Half-Wave Linear Mixer
929 -- 935Frank B. Hunt. A Semicycle of Ground-Potential Rise
936 -- 941David L. Hillhouse. Circuit for Impulse Testing of Gas-Tube Lightning Arresters
942 -- 946Boris Beizer. Conference Nonblocking Switching Networks
946 -- 952A. Mattei, Robert Fischl. Message Propagation Through Random Communication Networks
953 -- 960William C. Lindsey, Marvin K. Simon. L-Orthogonal Signal Transmission and Detection
960 -- 965Fabio Rocca, Silvio Zanoletti. Bandwidth Reduction Via Movement Compensation on a Model of the Random Video Process
965 -- 972A. Roger Kaye, Donald A. George, M. J. Eric. Analysis and Compensation of Bandpass Nonlinearities for Communications
972 -- 975Lee D. Davisson, Laurence B. Milstein. On the Performance of Digital Communication Systems with Bandpass Limiters-Part I: One-Link System
975 -- 980Lee D. Davisson, Laurence B. Milstein. On the Performance of Digital Communication Systems With Bandpass Limiters-Part II: Two-Link System
980 -- 984Vasant K. Prabhu. Spectral Density Bounds on an FM Wave
984 -- 991Larry C. Palmer, Stanley A. Klein. Phase Slipping in Phase-Locked Loop Configurations That Track Biphase or Quadriphase Modulated Carriers
991 -- 995H. R. Rudin Jr.. On Economies of Scale and Integration of Services in Certain Queued Information Transmission Systems
995 -- 998Takahiko Fukinuki. Statistical Word Synchronization in PCM Transmission of TV Signals
998 -- 1001Ulf Henriksson. On a Scrambling Property of Feedback Shift Registers
1001 -- 1004H. Peter Hartmann. Spectrum of Manchester Coded FSK
1005 -- 1008Uzi Timor. Frame Synchronization in Time-Multiplexed PCM Telemetry With Variable Frame Length
1008 -- 1015Walter I. Rickard. Delay Performance of a Buffered Communication Network
1015 -- 1021Rollin E. Langseth. Spectrum of a Carrier Frequency Modulated by Poisson Pulse Train With Applications to Feedback Diversity
1021 -- 1026Michel C. Jeruchim, Floyd E. Lilley. Spacing Limitations of Geostationary Satellites Using Multilevel Coherent PSK Signals
1026 -- 1029C. B. Jow. A Computerized Test System for Communications Equipment Subassemblies
1029 -- 1031Kenneth Bearcroft. Automatic Testing and Automatic Test Systems for Communications Systems
1031 -- 1032Barry I. Marks. Comments On "Testing a Sample Population for the Rayleigh Distribution" and a Succeeding Correction
1033 -- 1037Michel M. Goutmann. Intersymbol Interference as a Natural Code
1038 -- 1041E. C. Thiede. Decision Hysteresis Reduces Digital Pe
1041 -- 1043John J. Metzner. The New-Word Policy for Two-Way Feedback Communication
1043 -- 1046Terence Cheng, Richard S. Simpson. Detector Time Delay in Band-Limited Systems
1046 -- 1047J. Ben O'Neal Jr.. Introduction to Signal Transmission
1047 -- 1048Irving S. Reed. Theory of Synchronous Communications

Volume 20, Issue 4

687 -- 688Tonau Osatake. Preface
689 -- 696Kenji Ogata. General Trend in Electrical Communications in Japan
696 -- 707Yasuo Taki, Hiroshi Miyakawa, Minoru Akiyama. Recent Progress in Communication Theory in Japan
707 -- 717Denroku Kumagai. Cable Communications in Japan
717 -- 725Bunichi Oguchi. Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Communications in Japan
725 -- 730Shigebumi Saito. Optical Communications in Japan
730 -- 737Toshio Kurimura. Satellite Communications in Japan
738 -- 746Fumio Ikegami. Mobile Radio Communications in Japan
746 -- 752Masaya Yamauchi, Yukio Nakagome. Electronic Switching Systems in Japan
753 -- 762Yoshimasa Sekiguchi. Data Communications in Japan
762 -- 768Hiroshi Inose, Tadao Saito, Kokichi Ichijo. Time-Division Switching Networks With Partial-Access Pulse Shifters Performing Serial-Parallel Conversion
768 -- 774Akira Kawamata, Hideyoshi Tominaga, Kazushi Onose, Yuzi Arai. Large-Capacity Magnetic-Drum Memory System for an Electronic Switching System
774 -- 780Hiroshi Harashima, Hiroshi Miyakawa. Matched-Transmission Technique for Channels With Intersymbol Interference
780 -- 787Shinichi Tamura, Kokichi Tanaka. Synchronization for Unknown Signal Sequence by Learning Procedure
787 -- 791Masaya Fujiki. Queueing-Delay Formula for Common-Channel Signaling Systems
792 -- 797Fumitada Itakura, Shuzo Saito, Tsunehiko Koike, Hiroshi Sawabe, Masaaki Nishikawa. An Audio Response Unit Based on Partial Autocorrelation
797 -- 802Nobuhiro Azuma, Kazunori Konishi. New Alphagraphic Printer GRAPHTYPER
803 -- 808Heiichi Yamamoto, Kenkichi Hirade, Yoshio Watanabe. Carrier Synchronizer for Coherent Detection of High-Speed Four-Phase-Shift-Keyed Signals
808 -- 813Kazuhiro Miyauchi, Kazuo Izumi, Seizo Seki, Noriaki Ishida. Characteristics of an Experimental Guided Millimeter-Wave Transmission System
813 -- 819Yoshito Ueno, Riichi Nagura. An Optical Communication System Using Envelope Modulation
820 -- 825Kunishi Nosaka, Hiroshi Sasaki 0008, Kitsutaro Amano, Hisakichi Michishita. TTT System (50 Mbits/s PCM-TDMA System With Time Preassignment and TASI) and Its Satellite Test Results
825 -- 829Kiyohiro Yuki, Noriyoshi Kuroyanagi. Construction of Highly Accurate Segment Companding Voice Codec
830 -- 834Ryoichi Matsuda. Development of a Small-Size Telephone Set Using Integrated Circuits

Volume 20, Issue 3

263 -- 0Alan F. Culbertson. Editorial
264 -- 274Israel M. Paz, Israel Cederbaum. Evaluation of Optimal Routing Policies in Communication Nets by Simulation
275 -- 281Noriyoshi Kuroyanagi. Space-Division Digital Networks for Video Signals
281 -- 290James Yan, Robert W. Donaldson. Subjective Effects of Channel Transmission Errors on PCM and DPCM Voice Communication Systems
291 -- 296Stephen Tsai, Paul S. Schmied. Interleaving and Error-Burst Distribution
296 -- 307Tariq S. Durrani. Noise Analysis for Laser Doppler Velocimeter Systems
307 -- 315Herbert B. Voelcker. Zero-Crossing Properties of Angle-Modulated Signals
315 -- 320Charles C. Kilgus, Willis C. Gore. Root-Mean-Square Error in Encoded Digital Telemetry
321 -- 331Henning F. Harmuth, Harry C. Andrews, Kosho Shibata. Two-Dimensional Sequency Filters
331 -- 337Robert C. Tausworthe. Simplified Formula for Mean Cycle-Slip Time of Phase-Locked Loops With Steady-State Phase Error
338 -- 350Ke-Yen Chang, Robert W. Donaldson. Analysis, Optimization, and Sensitivity Study of Differential PCM Systems Operating on Noisy Communication Channels
350 -- 361Adrian P. Clark. Adaptive Detection With Intersymbol-Interference Cancellation for Distorted Digital Signals
361 -- 372Bennie E. Tyree, James F. Bailey. An Investigation of the Effects of the Error Rate of Multiple Phase-Shift-Keyed Signals Through a Hard Limiter
373 -- 381Nathan H. Stochel, Donald L. Schilling. Gaussian and Click Noise in an FM/FM Multiplex Receiver
382 -- 391O. D. Grandstaff. Longitudinal Balance Measurement of Central Office Equipment
392 -- 399Lawrence R. Berke, Eugene W. Geer Jr., Michael Parente, Theo L. Berri. Audio Tone Relaying Tests on Telephone Channels in the Presence of Induced Voltage
399 -- 403Baldwin L. Troutman Jr.. Overseas AUTOVON Systems Testing for Acceptance and Cutover
403 -- 406Stephen Riter, Michael T. Shay. The Performance of Fading Frequency-Shift-Keyed Telemetry Systems with Bandpass Limiters
406 -- 411Carl N. Kelly, Someshwar C. Gupta. The Digital Phase-Locked Loop as a Near-Optimum FM Demodulator
411 -- 415Judea Pearl, Harry C. Andrews, William K. Pratt. Performance Measures for Transform Data Coding
415 -- 419Stanley A. Butman, Uzi Timor. Interplex-An Efficient Multichannel PSK/PM Telemetry System
419 -- 423Larry U. Dworkin, Mischa Schwartz. An Information-Feedback Approach Applied to Polarization-Modulated Laser Communication Systems
423 -- 429Abidin T. Ural, A. H. Haddad. A Binary Sequential Communication Scheme With Information Feedback
429 -- 435Rudi de Buda. Coherent Demodulation of Frequency-Shift Keying with Low Deviation Ratio
435 -- 438Uzi Timor. Equivalance of Time-Multiplexed and Frequency-Multiplexed Signals in Digital Communications
438 -- 441Marvin K. Simon. On the Selection of a Sampling Filter Bandwidth for a Digital Data Detector
441 -- 454William C. Lindsey, Marvin K. Simon. Carrier Synchronization and Detection of Polyphase Signals
454 -- 462Gurnam S. Gill, Someshwar C. Gupta. First-Order Discrete Phase-Locked Loop with Applications to Demodulation of Angle-Modulated Carrier
462 -- 465Robert D. Pedersen, J. C. Shah. Multiserver Queue Storage Requirements With Unpacked Messages
466 -- 470William A. Sullivan. High-Capacity Microwave System for Digital Data Transmission
471 -- 479Donald C. Cox, Douglas O. Reudink. The Behavior of Dynamic Channel-Assignment Mobile Communications Systems as a Function of Numbers of Radio Channels
479 -- 483H. C. Hottel Jr.. Expendable Wire Links
483 -- 485Lonnie C. Ludeman. The Amplitude Density of a Truncated Fourier Series
485 -- 0Godfried T. Toussaint. Comments on "The Divergence and Bhattacharyya Distance Measures in Signal Selection"
485 -- 487Paul J. Trafton. Comparative Performance Results for Three Rate 1/2 Burst-Trapping Codes
487 -- 0Bruce R. Davis. Correction to "Random FM in Mobile Radio With Diversity"
488 -- 492Grant B. Anderson, Thomas S. Huang. Correction to "Piecewise Fourier Transformation for Picture Bandwidth Compression"
492 -- 0H. Kobayashi. Correction to "A Survery of Coding Schemes for Transmission or Recording of Digital Data"
493 -- 0Lewis E. Franks. Principles of Communication Systems
495 -- 498Maurice Karnaugh. Issues in Computer Communications
499 -- 503F. R. E. Dell. Features of a Proposed Synchronous Data Network
504 -- 510Donald M. Atkinson, U. C. Strahlendorf. The Probable Future of Canadian Long-Haul Digital Data Network Connections With the U.S.A
511 -- 515Max P. Beere, Neil C. Sullivan. TYMNET-A Serendipitous Evolution
516 -- 526William D. Becher, Eric M. Aupperle. The Communications Computer Hardware of the MERIT Computer Network
527 -- 530John R. Pierce. How Far Can Data Loops Go?
531 -- 539Lynn P. West. Loop-Transmission Control Structures
539 -- 546Robert E. Kahn, William R. Crowther. Flow Control in a Resource-Sharing Computer Network
546 -- 550Donald Watts Davies. The Control of Congestion in Packet-Switching Networks
550 -- 556Donald Karp, Salomon Seroussi. A Communications Interface for Computer Networks
557 -- 564Vinton G. Cerf, Eric Harslem, John F. Heafner, Robert M. Metcalfe, James E. White. An Experimental Service for Adaptable Data Reconfiguration
565 -- 568Joseph F. Ossanna. Identifying Terminals in Terminal-Oriented Systems
569 -- 575Dennis M. Birke. State-Transition Programming Techniques and Their Use in Producing Teleprocessing Device-Control Programs
576 -- 591Richard R. Anderson, Jeremiah F. Hayes, David N. Sherman. Simulated Perfromance of a Ring-Switched Data Network
592 -- 602John D. Spragins. Loop Transmission Systems-Mean Value Analysis
603 -- 609Wesley W. Chu. Demultiplexing Considerations for Statistical Multiplexors
609 -- 619John D. Spragins. Simulation of a Communication Processor Under Extreme Loading Conditions
619 -- 630John H. Chang. An Analysis of Buffering Techniques in Teleprocessing Systems
630 -- 636Gerald D. Cole. Performance Measurements on the ARPA Computer Network
637 -- 640Eberhard Hänsler. A Fast Recursive Algorithm to Calculate the Reliability of a Communication Network
640 -- 644Eberhard Hänsler, Gerald K. McAuliffe, Robert S. Wilkov. Optimizing the Reliability in Centralized Computer Networks
645 -- 660Wesley W. Chu, Alan G. Konheim. On the Analysis and Modeling of a Class of Computer Communication Systems
660 -- 678Robert S. Wilkov. Analysis and Design of Reliable Computer Networks
678 -- 684George W. White. Message Format and Data Communication Link Control Principles

Volume 20, Issue 2

81 -- 87Jayant G. Hemmady. An Analytical Methodology for Solving Complex Stochastic Network Problems
87 -- 93Robert M. Gagliardi. The Effect of Timing Errors in Optical Digital Systems
94 -- 104James R. Cessna, Donald M. Levy. Phase Noise and Transient Times for a Binary Quantized Digital Phase-Locked Loop in White Gaussian Noise
104 -- 114Irving R. Smith, Donald L. Schilling. Compression of Transmission Bandwidth Requirements for a Certain Class of Band-Limited Functions
115 -- 119James L. Massey. Optimum Frame Synchronization
119 -- 131Jack K. Holmes. Performance of a First-Order Transition Sampling Digital Phase-Locked Loop Using Random-Walk Models
132 -- 139David D. Falconer, Richard D. Gitlin. Bounds on Error-Pattern Probabilities for Digital Communications Systems
139 -- 147Harrie C. van den Elzen, P. van der Wurf. A Simple Method of Calculating the Characteristics of FSK Signals With Modulation Index 0.5
147 -- 157Yang Fang. New Methods to Generate Vestigial-Sideband Signal for Data Transmission
157 -- 165Edwin Hoffman, Donald L. Schilling. Distortion in the Frequency Demodulator Using Feedback
165 -- 173Martin Mueller, Thomas L. Gentry. Spectral Energy Distribution of Radio Link FM
173 -- 178David J. Kennedy. A Comparison of Measured and Calculated Frequency Correlation Functions over 4.6- and 7.6-GHz Troposcatter Paths
179 -- 189Harold E. Turner. A Computer System for Microwave Frequency Coordination and Interference Calculations
190 -- 195Donald C. Cox, Douglas O. Reudink. A Comparison of Some Channel Assignment Strategies in Large-Scale Mobile Communications Systems
196 -- 201George W. Bleisch. The A6 Channel Bank
202 -- 204Dirk P. Callahan. Pacific Intertie Tests
204 -- 210Magdalena M. Jung. Calculating Method for Call Congestion of Gradings for Random Routing Whose Traffic has a Poisson Distribution
210 -- 214Marvin K. Simon. On the Selection of an Optimum Design Point for Phase-Coherent Receivers Employing Bandpass Limiters
214 -- 217Robert C. Tausworthe. Convergence of Oscillator Spectral Estimators for Counted-Frequency Measurements
218 -- 221L. James Marier Jr., Tzay Y. Young. A Signalling Scheme for Frequency-Shift-Keying Channels With Noiseless Feedback
222 -- 225Harry A. Hennen. Autocorrelation and SNR for the Output of a Square-Law Device and Low-Pass Filter With Square-Law SSB Plus Gaussian Noise at the Input
225 -- 230M. D. Paez, T. H. Glisson. Minimum Mean-Squared-Error Quantization in Speech PCM and DPCM Systems
230 -- 235Wesley W. Chu, Leo C. Liang. Buffer Behavior for Mixed Input Traffic and Single Constant Output Rate
235 -- 242Sergio Brofferio, Fabio Rocca. Threshold-Extended FM Demodulator for Black and White Video Signal
242 -- 247P. Monsen. Performance of an Experimental Angle-Diversity Troposcatter System
247 -- 251John H. Fennick. Understanding Impulse-Noise Measurements
252 -- 0L. P. Yeh. Geostationary Satellite Orbital Geometry
253 -- 254Auro Artom. Choice of Prefix in Self-Synchronizing Codes
254 -- 255R. Lynn Kirlin. Note on Phase Locking to the Envelope of a Periodically Pulsed Sine Wave
255 -- 258Joel L. Ekstrom. Hard Limiting of Gaussian Noise Having a First-Order Butterworth Bandpass Spectrum
258 -- 260C. E. Jones. Hard-Limiter Intermodulation Product Magnitudes for Three Signals in Random Noise
258 -- 0Michael J. Gans. Correction to "The Effect of Gaussian Error in Maximal Ratio Combiners"
260 -- 262Kenneth S. Miller, Marvin M. Rochwarger. Some Remarks on Spectral Moment Estimation
262 -- 0Rosario S. Badessa. Correction to "A Communications Detector With a Signal-Synthesized Reference"

Volume 20, Issue 1

1 -- 2Richard C. Kirby, A. F. Culbertson. Editorial
3 -- 8Björn Wellenius. On the Role of Telecommunications in the Development of Nations
8 -- 14Bernd Werner Meister, Heinrich R. Müller, Harry R. Rudin Jr.. On the Optimization of Message-Switching Networks
15 -- 22James K. Cavers. Variable-Rate Transmission for Rayleigh Fading Channels
23 -- 27Akira Fukumoto, Heijiro Hayami. High-Speed Facsimile Recording with Laser Light Sources
28 -- 37P. R. Hariharan. Detection of Modulated Gaussian Signals in Noise
37 -- 43Donald R. Hummels. Some Simulation Results for the Time to Indicate Phase Lock
43 -- 48Radamis Boutros-Attia, Jim Gale, Gulay Sencer. An Electronic Tone Ringer for the Telephone
48 -- 52Stanley W. Anderes. A Polylithic Filter Channel Bank
53 -- 55William C. Lindsey. Hybrid Carrier and Modulation Tracking Loops
55 -- 60E. Fariello. A Novel Digital Speech Detector for Improving Effective Satellite Capacity
60 -- 64Maurizio Dècina. Planning of a Digital Hierarchy
64 -- 67Hans Kopp. A Mechanical Filter Channel Bank
67 -- 72A. Reading, R. J. Martin. A New Modulation Concept in Channel Translating Equipment
73 -- 0Richard L. Greenspan. Correction to "Testing a Sample Population for the Rayleigh Distribution"
73 -- 74Gaylord W. Carlock. The Two-Stage RC Low-Pass Matched Filter
74 -- 76J. A. Bijlstra. Comments on "Codest: A New Pulse-Code Modulation System for Telegraph and Data Transmission"
76 -- 77G. David Forney Jr.. Lower Bounds on Error Probability in the Presence of Large Intersymbol Interference
77 -- 78Donald A. George, Robert R. Bowen. Comments on "Lower Bounds to Error Probability in the Presence of Large Intersymbol Interference"
78 -- 79Virgil I. Johannes. Comments on "Compatible High-Density Bipolar Codes: An Unrestricted Transmission Plan for PCM Carriers"