Journal: IEEE Transactions on Communications

Volume 37, Issue 9

897 -- 905Bixio Rimoldi. Design of coded CPFSK modulation systems for bandwidth and energy efficiency
906 -- 917Ayis Gallopoulos, Chris Heegard, Paul H. Siegel. The power spectrum of run-length-limited codes
918 -- 926Andrew P. Clark, S. Hariharan. Adaptive channel estimator for an HF radio link
927 -- 933Peter Kubat. Estimation of reliability for communication/computer networks simulation/analytic approach
934 -- 939Keith W. Ross, Danny H. K. Tsang. Optimal circuit access policies in an ISDN environment: a Markov decision approach
940 -- 948Krishan K. Sabnani, Aleta M. Lapone, M. Ümit Uyar. An algorithmic procedure for checking safety properties of protocols
949 -- 955Thao Duy Tran, V. John Mathews, Craig K. Rushforth. A baseband residual vector quantization algorithm for voiceband data signals
956 -- 968Robert M. Gray, Wu Chou, Ping Wah Wong. Quantization noise in single-loop sigma-delta modulation with sinusoidal inputs
969 -- 974Jinhui Chao, Shigeo Tsujii. A new configuration for echo canceller adaptable during double talk periods
975 -- 983Matthew W. Ganz, R. Theodore Compton Jr.. A data-derived reference signal technique for adaptive arrays
984 -- 986Dae Young Kim, Kamilo Feher. Power suppression at the Nyquist frequency for pilot-aided PAM and QAM systems
986 -- 989Toru Fujiwara, Tadao Kasami, Shu Lin. Error detecting capabilities of the shortened Hamming codes adopted for error detection in IEEE Standard 802.3
989 -- 991Norman C. Beaulieu. A simple series for personal computer computation of the error function Q(·)
991 -- 994Sergios Theodoridis, Nicholas Kalouptsidis, John G. Proakis, G. Koyas. Interference rejection in PN spread-spectrum systems with LS linear phase FIR filters

Volume 37, Issue 8

785 -- 790Gerhard Fettweis, Heinrich Meyr. Parallel Viterbi algorithm implementation: breaking the ACS-bottleneck
791 -- 799William A. Sethares, C. Richard Johnson Jr., Charles E. Rohrs. Bursting in adaptive hybrids
800 -- 803Johannes H. Barnard, Christoff K. Pauw. Probability of error for selection diversity as a function of dwell time
804 -- 813Gerd Ascheid, Martin Oerder, Johannes Stahl, Heinrich Meyr. An all digital receiver architecture for bandwidth efficient transmission at high data rates
814 -- 823James S. Storey, Fouad A. Tobagi. Throughput performance of an unslotted direct-sequence SSMA packet radio network
824 -- 833Jawad A. Salehi. Code division multiple-access techniques in optical fiber networks. I. Fundamental principles
834 -- 842Jawad A. Salehi, Charles A. Brackett. Code division multiple-access techniques in optical fiber networks. II. Systems performance analysis
843 -- 850Madeleine Bonnet, Odile Macchi, Meriem Jaïdane-Saidane. Mistracking in successive PCM/ADPCM transcoders
851 -- 858James S. Lehnert. An efficient technique for evaluating direct-sequence spread-spectrum multiple-access communications
859 -- 869Gordon L. Stüber, Jon W. Mark, Ian F. Blake. Diversity and coding for FH/MFSK systems with fading and jamming. II. Selective diversity
870 -- 874Maurizio A. Bonuccelli. A fast time slot assignment algorithm for TDM hierarchical switching systems
875 -- 879Qiang Wang, Vijay K. Bhargava. An efficient maximum likelihood decoding algorithm for generalized tail biting convolutional codes including quasicyclic codes
879 -- 884Rodney A. Kennedy, Graham W. Pulford, Brian D. O. Anderson, Robert R. Bitmead. When has a decision-directed equalizer converged?
884 -- 885Yalçin Tanik, Ali Grami, Subbarayan Pasupathy. Comments on 'Pulse shape, excess bandwidth, and timing error sensitivity in PRS systems'
885 -- 890D. J. Goodman, Reinaldo A. Valenzuela, K. T. Gayliard, B. Ramamurthi. Packet reservation multiple access for local wireless communications
890 -- 896George I. Stassinopoulos, H. Kukutos. Optimal dynamic routing in double ring networks

Volume 37, Issue 7

669 -- 676Pierre R. Chevillat, Evangelos Eleftheriou. Decoding of trellis-encoded signals in the presence of intersymbol interference and noise
677 -- 684Jay M. Jacobsmeyer. Message waiting time performance for meteor-burst communication systems
685 -- 693Ming-Kang Liu, David G. Messerschmitt, David A. Hodges. Time slot switching for integrated services in fiber optic PBX/LAN
694 -- 702Joseph Pang, Fouad A. Tobagi. Throughput analysis of a timer controlled token passing protocol under heavy load
703 -- 712Kotikalapudi Sriram, David M. Lucantoni. Traffic smoothing effects of bit dropping in a packet voice multiplexer
713 -- 722Sorin Davidovici, Emmanuel G. Kanterakis. Narrow-band interference rejection using real-time Fourier transforms
723 -- 731Behnaam Aazhang, H. Vincent Poor. An analysis of nonlinear direct-sequence correlators
732 -- 739Andrzej Jajszczyk, Jerzy Tyszer. Fault diagnosis of digital switching networks
740 -- 747Keith W. Ross, Danny H. K. Tsang. The stochastic knapsack problem
748 -- 754Reinhold Haeb, Heinrich Meyr. A systematic approach to carrier recovery and detection of digitally phase modulated signals of fading channels
755 -- 765Laurent R. Lugand, Daniel J. Costello Jr., Robert H. Deng. Parity retransmission hybrid ARQ using rate 1/2 convolutional codes on a nonstationary channel
766 -- 770Daniel F. Lyons, Panayota Papantoni-Kazakos. A window random access algorithm for environments with capture
770 -- 777Yuan-Chieh Cheng, Thomas G. Robertazzi. Critical connectivity phenomena in multihop radio models
777 -- 780Giovanni Vannucci, S. Yang. Experimental spreading and despreading of the optical spectrum
781 -- 783David Everitt. A note on the pseudoconservation laws for cyclic service systems with limited service disciplines

Volume 37, Issue 6

545 -- 554C. Murray Woodside, J. R. Montealegre. The effect of buffering strategies on protocol execution performance
555 -- 564Mano R. Garzia, Clayton M. Lockhart. Nonhierarchical communications networks: an application of compartmental modeling
565 -- 571Anura P. Jayasumana. Throughput analysis of the IEEE 802.4 priority scheme
572 -- 577Oliver C. Ibe, Xian Cheng. Approximate analysis of asymmetric single-service token-passing systems
578 -- 587Michel C. Jeruchim, Peter M. Hahn, Kevin P. Smyntek, Robert T. Ray. An experimental investigation of conventional and efficient importance sampling
588 -- 599Robert M. Gray. Spectral analysis of quantization noise in a single-loop sigma-delta modulator with DC input
600 -- 611Giovanni Cherubini, Laurence B. Milstein. Performance analysis of both hybrid and frequency-hopped phase-coherent spread-spectrum systems. I. A hybrid DS/FH system
612 -- 622Giovanni Cherubini, Laurence B. Milstein. Performance analysis of both hybrid and frequency-hopped phase-coherent spread-spectrum systems. II. An FH system
623 -- 625Mark J. Karol, Michael G. Hluchyj. Using a packet switch for circuit-switched traffic: a queueing system with periodic input traffic
626 -- 634Horst J. Bessai, Werner Lorek. Influence of coding and hardware imperfections on the bit error structure of multilevel QAM systems
635 -- 644Thomas F. Quatieri, Gerald C. O'Leary. Far-echo cancellation in the presence of frequency offset [full duplex modem]
645 -- 648Edward Arthurs, Matthew S. Goodman, Haim Kobrinski, Mario P. Vecchi. A broadband optoelectronic packet switching system
648 -- 651Y. T. Koh, F. Davidson. Interleaved concatenated coding for the turbulent atmospheric direct detection optical communication channel
651 -- 655Cheng-Shong Wu, Victor O. K. Li. Random access for a multibeam satellite with dynamic transponder switching
656 -- 659Mohammad R. Soleymani, Soleymani D. Morgera. A fast MMSE encoding technique for vector quantization
659 -- 663Tsutomu Miyasato, Yoshinori Hatori. Inter-videotex conversion from Prestel to Captain
663 -- 665Eli Fogel, Motti Gavish. Performance evaluation of zero-crossing-based bit synchronizers

Volume 37, Issue 5

413 -- 419Kees A. Schouhamer Immink. Coding techniques for the noisy magnetic recording channel: a state-of-the-art report
420 -- 427Robert H. Deng, Daniel J. Costello Jr.. High rate concatenated coding systems using bandwidth efficient trellis inner codes
428 -- 436Alexandra Duel-Hallen, Chris Heegard. Delayed decision-feedback sequence estimation
437 -- 448Debabrata Saha, Theodore G. Birdsall. Quadrature-quadrature phase-shift keying
449 -- 467Doron Rainish, Joseph M. Perl. Generalized cutoff rate of time- and frequency-selective fading channels
468 -- 474John Michael Spinelli, Robert G. Gallager. Event driven topology broadcast without sequence numbers
475 -- 480Felix Wong, José Roberto Boisson de Marca. Fairness in window flow controlled computer networks
481 -- 487Costas N. Georghiades. Some implications of TCM for optical direct-detection channels
488 -- 499Ramon Agusti. On the performance analysis of asynchronous FH-SSMA communications
500 -- 509Christopher Rose. Rapid optimal scheduling for time-multiplex switches using a cellular automaton
510 -- 515Hendrik C. Ferreira, John F. Hope, Andre L. Nel. On ternary error correcting line codes
515 -- 522Joan L. Mitchell, William B. Pennebaker, Dimitris Anastassiou, Keith S. Pennington. Graphics image coding for freeze-frame videoconferencing
522 -- 526Scott A. Merritt. The iterated extended Kalman phase detector
526 -- 530Michael Paterakis, Panayota Papantoni-Kazakos. A limited sensing random-access algorithm with binary success-failure feedback
530 -- 535Johan Karlsson, Berth Eklundh. A cellular mobile telephone system with load sharing-an enhancement of directed retry
535 -- 538Che-Liang Yang, Peter Kubat. Efficient computation of most probably states for communication networks with multimode components
538 -- 540Kuldip K. Paliwal, V. Ramasubramanian. Effect of ordering the codebook on the efficiency of the partial distance search algorithm for vector quantization
540 -- 544Branislav M. Popovic. Comments on `Code acquisition for a frequency-hopping system'

Volume 37, Issue 4

317 -- 324Tenkasi V. Ramabadran, D. L. Cohn. An adaptive algorithm for the compression of computer data
325 -- 331James W. Matthews. Troposcatter link performance in the presence of two jammers
332 -- 339Geoffrey C. Orsak, Behnaam Aazhang. On the theory of importance sampling applied to the analysis of detection systems
340 -- 352William Harrold. A new approximation to the symbol error probability for coded modulation schemes with maximum likelihood sequence detection
353 -- 359Ioannis Stavrakakis, Demetrios Kazakos. A limited sensing protocol for multiuser packet radio systems
360 -- 366Bezalel Gavish, Irina Neuman. A system for routing and capacity assignment in computer communication networks
367 -- 372Kathleen S. Meier-Hellstern. The analysis of a queue arising in overflow models
373 -- 379Kenneth M. Rose, Arie Heiman. Enhancement of one-dimensional variable-length DPCM images corrupted by transmission errors
380 -- 386Sheau-Bao Ng, Leonard Schiff. Two-tier DPCM codec for videoconferencing
387 -- 392Sami Hinedi, William C. Lindsey. On the self-noise in QASK decision-feedback carrier tracking loops
393 -- 396Salvatore D. Morgera, Vitalice K. Oduol. Soft-decision decoding applied to the generalized type-II hybrid ARQ scheme
397 -- 398Mairtin O'Droma. Dynamic range and other fundamentals of the complex Bessel function series approximation model for memoryless nonlinear devices
398 -- 402A. Bateman. A general analysis of bit error probability for reference-based BPSK mobile data transmission
402 -- 404Witold A. Krzymien. Transmission performance analysis of a new class of line codes for optical fiber systems
405 -- 407Larry J. Greenstein, Giovanni Vannucci, Gerard J. Foschini. Optical power requirements for detecting OOK and FSK signals corrupted by phase noise
407 -- 411Mahendra P. Advani, Costas N. Georghiades. Simulation performance of optimal and suboptimal nonsynchronized receivers

Volume 37, Issue 3

197 -- 199Pawel Szulakiewicz. M-ary linear phase multi-T phase codes
200 -- 210Fumiyuki Adachi, J. David Parsons. Error rate performance of digital FM mobile radio with postdetection diversity
211 -- 221Ke-Qiang Liao, Lorne Mason. An approximate performance model for a multislot integrated services system
222 -- 229A. Robert Calderbank. Multilevel codes and multistage decoding
230 -- 237N. Arne B. Svensson. Error probability analysis for continuous phase modulation with Viterbi detection on a Gaussian channel with multiple signal interference
238 -- 244Tatsuya Suda, Tracy T. Bradley. Packetized voice/data integrated transmission on a token passing ring local area network
245 -- 251Deng-Lin Lu, Jin-Fu Chang. Analysis of ARQ protocols via signal flow graphs
252 -- 260C. C. Chen, C. S. Gardner. Impact of random pointing and tracking errors on the design of coherent and incoherent optical intersatellite communication links
261 -- 267Vladimir Cuperman. On adaptive vector transform quantization for speech coding
268 -- 276John R. Alexovich, Robert M. Gagliardi. Effect of PLL frequency synthesizer in FSK frequency-hopped communications
277 -- 288Ronald A. Iltis. A GLRT-based spread-spectrum receiver for joint channel estimation and interference suppression
289 -- 290Akira Shiozaki. Unequal error protection of PCM signals by self-orthogonal convolutional codes
291 -- 293Reinaldo A. Valenzuela. Performance of adaptive equalization for indoor radio communications
293 -- 295Wen-Tsuen Chen, Nen-Fu Huang. The strongly connecting problem on multihop packet radio networks
295 -- 298Colin D. Frank, Michael B. Pursley. Comments on 'Packet error probabilities in frequency-hopped spread-spectrum packet radio networks-memoryless frequency-hopping patterns considered' by M. Georgiopoulos
298 -- 308Savo G. Glisic. Symbol synchronization in digital communication systems using partial response CPM signaling
309 -- 314Brian Bryden, Gérald E. Séguin, Jean Conan, Vijay K. Bhargava, Andre Brind'amour. Error correction/masking for digital voice transmission over the land mobile satellite system

Volume 37, Issue 2

93 -- 98Jorma Rissanen, Kottappuram Mohammed Mohiuddin. A multiplication-free multialphabet arithmetic code
99 -- 109Marvin K. Simon, Dariush Divsalar. Doppler-corrected differential detection of MPSK
110 -- 118Mike Sablatash, Kenneth W. Moreland. Extraction of teletext channel information from measured complex and in-phase impulse responses at baseband and their significance
119 -- 124Irving Kalet. The multitone channel
125 -- 137Jeffrey E. Wieselthier, Anthony Ephremides, Larry A. Michaels. An exact analysis and performance evaluation of framed ALOHA with capture
138 -- 144Sang W. Kim, Wayne Stark. Optimum rate Reed-Solomon codes for frequency-hopped spread-spectrum multiple-access communication systems
145 -- 151Catherine M. Keller, Michael B. Pursley. Clipped diversity combining for channels with partial-band interference. II. Ratio-statistic combining
152 -- 158Roy D. Cideciyan, James J. M. Wang, William C. Lindsey. False lock in quadriphase receivers with unequal I- and Q-channel data rates
159 -- 163Thomas Alberty, Volker Hespelt. A new pattern jitter free frequency error detector
164 -- 176Mohammed S. El-Tanany, Samy A. Mahmoud. Analysis of two loops for carrier recovery in CPM with index 1/2
177 -- 183Fumiyuki Adachi, S. Ito, Koji Ohno. Performance analysis of a time diversity ARQ in land mobile radio
183 -- 187Giovanni Cancellieri. Transmission efficiency in photon counting channels
187 -- 189S. C. Liew. Comments on `Fundamental conditions governing TDM switching assignments in terrestrial and satellite networks' [by K.Y. Eng and A.S. Acampora]
189 -- 193Philippe M. Cassereau, David H. Staelin, Gerhard de Jager. Encoding of images based on a lapped orthogonal transform

Volume 37, Issue 12

1245 -- 1253Georges Karam, Hikmet Sari. Analysis of predistortion, equalization, and ISI cancellation techniques in digital radio systems with nonlinear transmit amplifiers
1254 -- 1263Gi-Hong Im, Chong Kwan Un, Jae Chon Lee. Performance of a class of adaptive data-driven echo cancellers
1264 -- 1274Michael B. Pursley, Stuart D. Sandberg. Delay and throughput for three transmission schemes in packet radio networks
1275 -- 1281Gerard J. Foschini. Reliability of the repelling carrier method of implementing optical FDMA
1282 -- 1292Leonard J. Cimini Jr.. Optical phase division multiplexing for local communications applications
1293 -- 1302Gerard J. Foschini, Giovanni Vannucci, Larry J. Greenstein. Envelope statistics for filtered optical signals corrupted by phase noise
1303 -- 1317Enrico Forestieri, R. Gangopadhyay, Giancarlo Prati. Performance of convolutional codes in a direct-detection optical PPM channel
1318 -- 1329Rodolfo A. Milito, Hanoch Levy. Modeling and dynamic scheduling of a queueing system with blocking and starvation
1330 -- 1338San-qi Li. Overload control in a finite message storage buffer
1339 -- 1349Limin Wang, Morris Goldberg. Progressive image transmission using vector quantization on images in pyramid form
1350 -- 1358Hirohisa Yamaguchi. Iterative method of movement estimation for television signals
1359 -- 1366John Gevargiz, Pankaj K. Das, Laurence B. Milstein. Adaptive narrow-band interference rejection in a DS spread-spectrum intercept receiver using transform domain signal processing techniques
1367 -- 1371Moshe Zukerman. Bandwidth allocation for bursty isochronous traffic in a hybrid switching system
1372 -- 1380André Girard, Mary-Ann Bell. Blocking evaluation for networks with residual capacity adaptive routing
1381 -- 1385Guy Bégin, David Haccoun. High-rate punctured convolutional codes: structure properties and construction technique
1385 -- 1387A. Neul. Bit error rate for 4-DPSK in fast Rician fading and Gaussian noise
1387 -- 1391Ayal Bar-David, Moshe Sidi. Collision resolution algorithms in multistation packet-radio networks
1391 -- 1394Sergio Cesare Brofferio. An object-background image model for predictive video coding
1394 -- 1397Sumitra Ganguly, Thomas E. Stern. Performance evaluation of a packet voice system
1397 -- 1401A. M. D. Turkmani, Jeffrey D. Parsons. Empirical prediction of BER in ESK data communication systems subjected to impulsive noise

Volume 37, Issue 11

1105 -- 1112Michael B. Pursley, Stuart D. Sandberg. Variable-rate coding for meteor-burst communications
1113 -- 1125David Haccoun, Guy Bégin. High-rate punctured convolutional codes for Viterbi and sequential decoding
1126 -- 1135Rodney A. Kennedy, Brian D. O. Anderson, Robert R. Bitmead. Channels leading to rapid error recovery for decision feedback equalizers
1136 -- 1143Alan Hewitt, Wing Hong Lau, John Austin, Enric Vilar. An autoregressive approach to the identification of multipath ray parameters from field measurements
1144 -- 1150John O. Limb. Load-controlled scheduling of traffic on high-speed metropolitan area networks
1151 -- 1163Chi-Chun Lo, Aaron Kershenbaum. A two-phase algorithm and performance bounds for the star-star concentrator location problem
1164 -- 1172Frederic M. Davidson, Xiaoli Sun. Slot clock recovery in optical PPM communication systems with avalanche photodiode photodetectors
1173 -- 1183Kerry W. Fendick, Vikram R. Saksena, Ward Whitt. Dependence in packet queues
1184 -- 1191Jun Kyun Choi, Chong K. Un. On acknowledgement schemes of sliding window flow control
1192 -- 1202San-qi Li. Study of information loss in packet voice systems
1203 -- 1211Alexander Gersht, Alexander Shulman. Optimal routing in circuit switched communication networks
1212 -- 1219Abbas Aghamohammadi, Heinrich Meyr, Gerd Ascheid. Adaptive synchronization and channel parameter estimation using an extended Kalman filter
1220 -- 1222Andries P. Hekstra. An alternative to metric rescaling in Viterbi decoders
1222 -- 1228Tjeng Thiang Tjhung, K. J. Tan, L. K. Ho. Error performance analysis for narrow-band duobinary FM with discriminator detection and soft decision decoding
1228 -- 1231Adam Shwartz, Moshe Sidi. Erasure, capture, and noise errors in controlled multiple-access networks
1231 -- 1236Doowhan Choi. Waiting time jitter reduction
1236 -- 1239V. Goncharoff, B. Bukiet, D. Hayner. Zero-branch tree encoding of speech pitch/voicing signals
1239 -- 1242Kenneth Brayer, Subramaniam Natarajan. An investigation of ARQ and hybrid FEC-ARQ on an experimental high latitude meteor burst channel

Volume 37, Issue 10

997 -- 1003Israel Korn. Coherent detection of M-ary phase-shift keying in the satellite mobile channel with tone calibration
1004 -- 1013Douglas W. Browning, John B. Thomas. Optimal coding schemes for conflict-free channel access
1014 -- 1023Wen-Pai Lu, Malur K. Sundareshan. Secure communication in internet environments: a hierarchical key management scheme for end-to-end encryption
1024 -- 1030Y. Chandramouli, Marcel F. Neuts, V. Ramaswami. A queuing model for meteor burst packet communication systems
1031 -- 1041Takeshi Mizuike, Yasuhiko Ito. Optimization of frequency assignment
1042 -- 1051Serena M. Zabin, H. Vincent Poor. Parameter estimation for Middleton Class A interference processes
1052 -- 1061Robert K. Morrow Jr., James S. Lehnert. Bit-to-bit error dependence in slotted DS/SSMA packet systems with random signature sequences
1062 -- 1070Greg M. Bernstein, Michael A. Liberman, Allan J. Lichtenberg. Nonlinear dynamics of a digital phase locked loop
1071 -- 1076Peter Kubat, Robert E. Bollen. A digital circuit performance analysis for tandem burst-error links in an ISDN environment
1077 -- 1087Szu-Wei Wang, Stephen S. Rappaport. Signal-to-interference calculations for balanced channel assignment patterns in cellular communications systems
1088 -- 1091James L. Orton, Kamilo Feher. An improved channel coding algorithm for low-frequency spectral suppression
1091 -- 1096Robert H. Deng, Daniel J. Costello Jr.. High rate concatenated coding systems using multidimensional bandwidth-efficient trellis inner codes
1096 -- 1099Fuyun Ling. On training fractionally spaced equalizers using intersymbol interpolation
1099 -- 1102Emad K. Al-Hussaini. Generalized multinomial detectors for data communication signals
1102 -- 1104Joseph Abate, Ward Whitt. Calculating time-dependent performance measures for the M/M/1 queue

Volume 37, Issue 1

1 -- 5Edward Bedrosian, William Sollfrey. A comparison of SSB-SC and conventional AM under a peak power limitation
6 -- 17Sorin Davidovici, Emmanuel G. Kanterakis. Performance of a meteor-burst communication system using packet messages with variable data rates
18 -- 30Scott L. Miller, Laurence B. Milstein. A comparison of protocols for a meteor-burst channel based on time-varying channel model
31 -- 38Zvi Rosberg, Moshe Sidi. TDM policies in multistation packet radio networks
39 -- 45Fumio Kanaya, Kenji Nakagawa. Theoretical studies on the performance of lossy photon channels
46 -- 51David Brady, Sergio Verdú. Performance analysis of an asymptotically quantum-limited optical DPSK receiver
52 -- 56Chris J. Mitchell, Peter R. Wild. One-stage one-sided rearrangeable switching networks
57 -- 59Francoise Le Gall. About loss probabilities for general routing policies in circuit-switched networks
60 -- 69Richard G. Bubenik, Jonathan S. Turner. Performance of a broadcast packet switch
70 -- 74A. Ranade. Local access radio interference due to building reflections
75 -- 79Odile Macchi, Sylvie Marcos. Modeling an asynchronous data echo canceller
79 -- 83Gwo-Tsuey Chyi, John G. Proakis, Catherine M. Keller. On the symbol error probability of maximum-selection diversity reception schemes over a Rayleigh fading channel
83 -- 89Frederick D. Garber, Michael B. Pursley. Performance of binary FSK communications over frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels