Efficient multilingual spam detection on resource-constrained devices: a comparative analysis of QLoRA fine-tuning of Gemma 3, Qwen 3, and Llama 3.2 models - researchr publication

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Hamza Rauf, Umair Khan 0001, Jomana A. Bashatah, Aurang Zaib. Efficient multilingual spam detection on resource-constrained devices: a comparative analysis of QLoRA fine-tuning of Gemma 3, Qwen 3, and Llama 3.2 models. Complex Intell. Syst., 12(3), 2026. [doi]

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