A trigger-substrate model for smiling during an automated formative quiz: engagement is the substrate, not frustration

Harry J. Witchel, Harry L. Claxton, Daisy C. Holmes, Thomas T. Ranji, Joe D. Chalkley, Carlos P. Santos, Carina E. I. Westling, Michel F. Valstar, Matt Celuszak, Patrick Fagan. A trigger-substrate model for smiling during an automated formative quiz: engagement is the substrate, not frustration. In Proceedings of the 36th European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics, Utrecht, The Netherlands, September 05-07, 2018. ACM, 2018. [doi]

Authors

Harry J. Witchel

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Harry L. Claxton

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Daisy C. Holmes

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Thomas T. Ranji

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Joe D. Chalkley

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Carlos P. Santos

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Carina E. I. Westling

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Michel F. Valstar

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Matt Celuszak

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Patrick Fagan

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