… for consistency preservation of rule-based refactorings at design time. Thereby, refactoring rules describe which side-eects may take place on the model to be refactored. We formalize rule-based refactorings using graph transformation …

… heuristic rules to handle comments. … based on abstract syntax trees is the loss of layout, i.e. comments and whitespace … such as refactorings are most effectively implemented using an abstract …

… in different languages and loosely coupled using a string-based interface … refactoring in such systems is daunting and error prone as the changes must also be applied to isolated string fragments scattered across the code base.

We present …