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    Journal: IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A

    Volume 44, Issue 9

    1125 -- 1138Stefanos Doltsinis, Pedro Ferreira, Niels Lohse. An MDP Model-Based Reinforcement Learning Approach for Production Station Ramp-Up Optimization: Q-Learning Analysis
    1139 -- 1154Sobhan Asian, Xiaofeng Nie. Coordination in Supply Chains With Uncertain Demand and Disruption Risks: Existence, Analysis, and Insights
    1155 -- 1168Vyacheslav I. Yukalov, Didier Sornette. Manipulating Decision Making of Typical Agents
    1169 -- 1181Yilei Zhang, Zibin Zheng, Michael R. Lyu. An Online Performance Prediction Framework for Service-Oriented Systems
    1182 -- 1203Carlo Combi, Mauro Gambini, Sara Migliorini, Roberto Posenato. Representing Business Processes Through a Temporal Data-Centric Workflow Modeling Language: An Application to the Management of Clinical Pathways
    1204 -- 1215Amrith Dhananjayan, Kiam Tian Seow. A Metric Temporal Logic Specification Interface for Real-Time Discrete-Event Control
    1216 -- 1233Xiang Li, Biying Shou, Dan A. Ralescu. Train Rescheduling With Stochastic Recovery Time: A New Track-Backup Approach
    1234 -- 1247Gaurav Bhatnagar, Q. M. Jonathan Wu. Biometric Inspired Multimedia Encryption Based on Dual Parameter Fractional Fourier Transform
    1248 -- 1261Pei-Hsuan Tsai, Ying-Jun Lin, Yi-Zong Ou, Edward T.-H. Chu, Jane W.-S. Liu. A Framework for Fusion of Human Sensor and Physical Sensor Data
    1262 -- 1271Gregory Levitin, Liudong Xing, Yuanshun Dai. Mission Cost and Reliability of 1-out-of- $N$ Warm Standby Systems With Imperfect Switching Mechanisms
    1272 -- 1277Leslaw Gniewek. Coverability Graph of Fuzzy Interpreted Petri Net
    1278 -- 1285Vaibhav Gandhi, Girijesh Prasad, Damien Coyle, Laxmidhar Behera, Thomas Martin McGinnity. EEG-Based Mobile Robot Control Through an Adaptive Brain-Robot Interface

    Volume 44, Issue 8

    981 -- 994Yochan Kim, Wan C. Yoon. Generating Task-Oriented Interactions of Service Robots
    995 -- 1002Jianbo Su. Representation and Inference of User Intention for Internet Robot
    1003 -- 1014Janyl Jumadinova, Prithviraj Dasgupta, Leen-Kiat Soh. Strategic Capability-Learning for Improved Multiagent Collaboration in Ad Hoc Environments
    1015 -- 1027Derong Liu, Hongliang Li, Ding Wang. Online Synchronous Approximate Optimal Learning Algorithm for Multi-Player Non-Zero-Sum Games With Unknown Dynamics
    1028 -- 1043Gianfranco Lamperti, Xiangfu Zhao. Diagnosis of Active Systems by Semantic Patterns
    1044 -- 1055Baris Canbaz, Bernard Yannou, Pierre-Alain Yvars. Resolving Design Conflicts and Evaluating Solidarity in Distributed Design
    1056 -- 1066Qin Wen, Ratnesh Kumar, Jing Huang. Framework for Optimal Fault-Tolerant Control Synthesis: Maximize Prefault While Minimize Post-Fault Behaviors
    1067 -- 1076Zhichao Zhou, Lin Li, Jie Lin. Integrated Analytical Modeling for Production Systems Coupled With Material Handling Systems
    1077 -- 1087Desheng Dash Wu, Lijuan Zheng, David L. Olson. A Decision Support Approach for Online Stock Forum Sentiment Analysis
    1088 -- 1097Desheng Dash Wu, Cuicui Luo, David L. Olson. Efficiency Evaluation for Supply Chains Using Maximin Decision Support
    1098 -- 1112Xu Han, Manisha Mishra, Suvasri Mandal, Huy N. Bui, Diego Fernando Martinez Ayala, David Sidoti, Krishna R. Pattipati, David L. Kleinman. Optimization-Based Decision Support Software for a Team-in-the-Loop Experiment: Multilevel Asset Allocation
    1113 -- 1122Seokcheon Lee. Role of Parallelism in Ambulance Dispatching

    Volume 44, Issue 7

    805 -- 821Sourish Dasgupta, Anoop Aroor, Feichen Shen, Yugyung Lee. SMARTSPACE: Multiagent Based Distributed Platform for Semantic Service Discovery
    822 -- 833Zhou He, T. C. E. Cheng, Jichang Dong, Shouyang Wang. Evolutionary Location and Pricing Strategies in Competitive Hierarchical Distribution Systems: A Spatial Agent-Based Model
    834 -- 850Michele Bristow, Liping Fang, Keith W. Hipel. Agent-Based Modeling of Competitive and Cooperative Behavior Under Conflict
    851 -- 862Hong Li, Donghui Pan, C. L. Philip Chen. Intelligent Prognostics for Battery Health Monitoring Using the Mean Entropy and Relevance Vector Machine
    863 -- 876Aníbal Bregón, Gautam Biswas, Belarmino Pulido, Carlos Alonso González, Hamed Khorasgani. A Common Framework for Compilation Techniques Applied to Diagnosis of Linear Dynamic Systems
    877 -- 893Khac Tuan Huynh, Inmaculada Torres Castro, Anne Barros, Christophe Bérenguer. On the Use of Mean Residual Life as a Condition Index for Condition-Based Maintenance Decision-Making
    894 -- 907Ahmad F. Taha, Jitesh H. Panchal. Decision-Making in Energy Systems With Multiple Technologies and Uncertain Preferences
    908 -- 921Kostas Kolomvatsos, Christos Anagnostopoulos, Stathes Hadjiefthymiades. Determining the Optimal Stopping Time for Automated Negotiations
    922 -- 937Pratyusha Rakshit, Amit Konar, Swagatam Das, Lakhmi C. Jain, Atulya K. Nagar. Uncertainty Management in Differential Evolution Induced Multiobjective Optimization in Presence of Measurement Noise
    938 -- 952Yongjian Li, Lei Xu, Tsan-Ming Choi, Kannan Govindan. Optimal Advance-Selling Strategy for Fashionable Products With Opportunistic Consumers Returns
    953 -- 965Ferucio Laurentiu Tiplea, Corina Bocaneala. Resource Relocation in Workflow Nets With Time, Resource, and Task Priority Constraints
    966 -- 977Dnyanesh G. Rajpathak, Satnam Singh. An Ontology-Based Text Mining Method to Develop D-Matrix From Unstructured Text

    Volume 44, Issue 6

    673 -- 686Xu Han, Suvasri Mandal, Krishna R. Pattipati, David L. Kleinman, Manisha Mishra. An Optimization-Based Distributed Planning Algorithm: A Blackboard-Based Collaborative Framework
    687 -- 691Ronald R. Yager, Anthony J. Grichnik, Rachel L. Yager. A Soft Computing Approach to Controlling Emissions Under Imperfect Sensors
    692 -- 704Yuki Yoshida, Kohei Takeuchi, Yasuhiro Miyamoto, Daisuke Sato, Dragomir N. Nenchev. Postural Balance Strategies in Response to Disturbances in the Frontal Plane and Their Implementation With a Humanoid Robot
    705 -- 715Chia-How Lin, Kai-Tai Song. Probability-Based Location Aware Design and On-Demand Robotic Intrusion Detection System
    716 -- 727Taekyoung Kwon, Sooyeon Shin, Sarang Na. Covert Attentional Shoulder Surfing: Human Adversaries Are More Powerful Than Expected
    728 -- 743Bimal P. Nepal, Om Prakash Yadav, Michael D. Johnson. Multistate Belief Probabilities-Based Prioritization Framework for Customer Satisfaction Attributes in Product Development
    744 -- 756Stefano Ferilli. WoMan: Logic-Based Workflow Learning and Management
    757 -- 769Yuchang Mo, Liudong Xing, Joanne Bechta Dugan. MDD-Based Method for Efficient Analysis on Phased-Mission Systems With Multimode Failures
    770 -- 784Pengwei Wang, Zhijun Ding, Changjun Jiang, MengChu Zhou. Constraint-Aware Approach to Web Service Composition
    785 -- 795Bahman Gharesifard, Jorge Cortes. Stealthy Deception in Hypergames Under Informational Asymmetry
    796 -- 803José Ignacio Fernández-Villamor, Carlos Angel Iglesias, Mercedes Garijo. A Framework for Goal-Oriented Discovery of Resources in the RESTful Architecture
    804 -- 0Yufeng Chen, Zhiwu Li, Abdulrahman Al-Ahmari. Corrections to "Nonpure Petri Net Supervisors for Optimal Deadlock Control of Flexible Manufacturing Systems"

    Volume 44, Issue 5

    521 -- 522Alfredo Petrosino, Sankar K. Pal. Guest Editorial on Decision Making in Human and Machine Vision
    523 -- 538Ali Borji, Dicky N. Sihite, Laurent Itti. What/Where to Look Next? Modeling Top-Down Visual Attention in Complex Interactive Environments
    539 -- 551Jean-Charles Quinton, Nicola Catenacci Volpi, Laura Barca, Giovanni Pezzulo. The Cat is on the Mat. or is it a Dog? Dynamic Competition in Perceptual Decision Making
    552 -- 570Jamal Atif, Céline Hudelot, Isabelle Bloch. Explanatory Reasoning for Image Understanding Using Formal Concept Analysis and Description Logics
    571 -- 579Alessio Ferone, Lucia Maddalena. Neural Background Subtraction for Pan-Tilt-Zoom Cameras
    580 -- 592Xiaoqin Zhang, Changcheng Li, Weiming Hu, Xiaofeng Tong, Steve J. Maybank, Yimin Zhang 0001. Human Pose Estimation and Tracking via Parsing a Tree Structure Based Human Model
    593 -- 604Rob Mitchell, Ing-Ray Chen. Adaptive Intrusion Detection of Malicious Unmanned Air Vehicles Using Behavior Rule Specifications
    605 -- 620Chuankai Liu, Hong Qiao, Jianhua Su, Peng Zhang. Vision-Based 3-D Grasping of 3-D Objects With a Simple 2-D Gripper
    621 -- 629Diomidis I. Katzourakis, Joost C. F. de Winter, Mohsen Alirezaei, Matteo Corno, Riender Happee. Road-Departure Prevention in an Emergency Obstacle Avoidance Situation
    630 -- 641Hairong Jiang, Bradley S. Duerstock, Juan P. Wachs. A Machine Vision-Based Gestural Interface for People With Upper Extremity Physical Impairments
    642 -- 652Patricia Henríquez, Jesús B. Alonso, Miguel A. Ferrer, Carlos M. Travieso. Review of Automatic Fault Diagnosis Systems Using Audio and Vibration Signals
    653 -- 664Niki Martinel, Christian Micheloni, Claudio Piciarelli, Gian Luca Foresti. Camera Selection for Adaptive Human-Computer Interface
    665 -- 672Geunho Lee, Takanori Ohnuma, Nak Young Chong, Soon-Geul Lee. Walking Intent-Based Movement Control for JAIST Active Robotic Walker

    Volume 44, Issue 4

    397 -- 408Vincenzo Loia, Alfredo Vaccaro. Decentralized Economic Dispatch in Smart Grids by Self-Organizing Dynamic Agents
    409 -- 421Magdalini Eirinaki, Malamati D. Louta, Iraklis Varlamis. A Trust-Aware System for Personalized User Recommendations in Social Networks
    422 -- 434Jian Li, Tsan-Ming Choi, T. C. Edwin Cheng. Mean Variance Analysis of Fast Fashion Supply Chains With Returns Policy
    435 -- 445Daniel Wojtaszek, Slawomir Wesolkowski. Evaluating the Flexibility of Military Air Mobility Fleets
    446 -- 456Li Wang 0011, Shangping Ren, Bogdan Korel, Kevin A. Kwiat, Eric Salerno. Improving System Reliability Against Rational Attacks Under Given Resources
    457 -- 467Md. Rokunuzzaman, Takayuki Umeda, Kosuke Sekiyama, Toshio Fukuda. A Region of Interest (ROI) Sharing Protocol for Multirobot Cooperation With Distributed Sensing Based on Semantic Stability
    468 -- 481Yuyue Du, Liang Qi, MengChu Zhou. Analysis and Application of Logical Petri Nets to E-Commerce Systems
    482 -- 493Li Pan, Zhi Jun Ding, Meng Chu Zhou. A Configurable State Class Method for Temporal Analysis of Time Petri Nets
    494 -- 498Ignacio Javier Pérez, Francisco Javier Cabrerizo, Sergio Alonso, Enrique Herrera-Viedma. A New Consensus Model for Group Decision Making Problems With Non-Homogeneous Experts
    499 -- 509Zhu Wang, Daqing Zhang, Xingshe Zhou, Dingqi Yang, Zhiyong Yu, Zhiwen Yu. Discovering and Profiling Overlapping Communities in Location-Based Social Networks
    510 -- 517Yishu Liu, Lihua Yang, Ching Y. Suen. The Effect of Correlation and Performances of Base-Experts on Score Fusion

    Volume 44, Issue 3

    261 -- 262Thomas Strasser, Alois Zoitl, William A. Gruver. Guest Editorial: Special issue on industrial applications of distributed intelligent systems
    263 -- 276Wenyu Zhang, Shuai Zhang, Feng Qi, Ming Cai. Self-Organized P2P Approach to Manufacturing Service Discovery for Cross-Enterprise Collaboration
    277 -- 291Wenbin William Dai, Victor Dubinin, Valeriy Vyatkin. Migration From PLC to IEC 61499 Using Semantic Web Technologies
    292 -- 305Chia-Han Yang, Valeriy Vyatkin, Cheng Pang. Model-Driven Development of Control Software for Distributed Automation: A Survey and an Approach
    306 -- 317Eduardo Mojica-Nava, Carlos Andres Macana, Nicanor Quijano. Dynamic Population Games for Optimal Dispatch on Hierarchical Microgrid Control
    318 -- 326Peter Palensky, Edmund Widl, Atiyah Elsheikh. Simulating Cyber-Physical Energy Systems: Challenges, Tools and Methods
    327 -- 341Wangyang Yu, ChunGang Yan, Zhijun Ding, Changjun Jiang, MengChu Zhou. Modeling and Validating E-Commerce Business Process Based on Petri Nets
    342 -- 352Irena Loutchkina, Lakhmi C. Jain, Thong Nguyen, Sergey Nesterov. Systems' Integration Technical Risks' Assessment Model (SITRAM)
    353 -- 362Cesare Alippi, Derong Liu, Dongbin Zhao, Li Bu. Detecting and Reacting to Changes in Sensing Units: The Active Classifier Case
    363 -- 374Adedamola Adepetu, Edin Arnautovic, Davor Svetinovic, Olivier L. de Weck. Complex Urban Systems ICT Infrastructure Modeling: A Sustainable City Case Study
    375 -- 384Qingquan Sun, Fei Hu, Qi Hao. Mobile Target Scenario Recognition Via Low-Cost Pyroelectric Sensing System: Toward a Context-Enhanced Accurate Identification
    385 -- 395Wei Jia, Rong-Xiang Hu, Ying-Ke Lei, Yang Zhao, Jie Gui. Histogram of Oriented Lines for Palmprint Recognition

    Volume 44, Issue 2

    133 -- 145Haowen You, James H. Lambert, Andres F. Clarens, Benjamin J. McFarlane. Quantifying the Influence of Climate Change to Priorities for Infrastructure Projects
    146 -- 161William C. Regli, Israel Mayk, Christopher T. Cannon, Joseph B. Kopena, Robert N. Lass, William M. Mongan, Duc N. Nguyen, Jeff K. Salvage, Evan Sultanik, Kyle Usbeck. Development and Specification of a Reference Architecture for Agent-Based Systems
    162 -- 171Lei Li, Tao Li. An Empirical Study of Ontology-Based Multi-Document Summarization in Disaster Management
    172 -- 185Christofer Sundstrom, Erik Frisk, Lars Nielsen. Selecting and Utilizing Sequential Residual Generators in FDI Applied to Hybrid Vehicles
    186 -- 195Andrew D. Kenyon, Victoria M. Catterson, Stephen D. J. McArthur, John Twiddle. An Agent-Based Implementation of Hidden Markov Models for Gas Turbine Condition Monitoring
    196 -- 208Huixia Liu, Keyi Xing, MengChu Zhou, LiBin Han, Feng Wang. Transition Cover-Based Design of Petri Net Controllers for Automated Manufacturing Systems
    209 -- 219Xiaoxue Deng, Zhong Liu, Jinxing Xie, Huachun Xiong. Web System Upgrading with Transaction Failure and Strategic Customers
    220 -- 234Faming Lu, Qingtian Zeng, Yunxia Bao, Hua Duan. Hierarchy Modeling and Formal Verification of Emergency Treatment Processes
    235 -- 245Fan Yang, Frederick W. B. Li, Rynson W. H. Lau. A Fine-Grained Outcome-Based Learning Path Model
    246 -- 253Ayelet Eyal, Lior Rokach, Meir Kalech, Ofra Amir, Rahul Chougule, Rajkumar Vaidyanathan, Kallappa Pattada. Survival Analysis of Automobile Components Using Mutually Exclusive Forests
    254 -- 260Ping Jiang 0001, Yuanxiang Ji, Xiaonian Wang, Jin Zhu, Yongqiang Cheng 0001. Design of a Multiple Bloom Filter for Distributed Navigation Routing

    Volume 44, Issue 12

    1553 -- 1568Aníbal Bregón, Carlos J. Alonso-González, Belarmino Pulido. Integration of Simulation and State Observers for Online Fault Detection of Nonlinear Continuous Systems
    1569 -- 1583Martin O'Neill, Armin R. Mikler, Saratchandra Indrakanti, Chetan Tiwari, Tamara Jiménez. RE-PLAN: An Extensible Software Architecture to Facilitate Disaster Response Planning
    1584 -- 1597FaJun Yang, Naiqi Wu, Yan Qiao, MengChu Zhou. Optimal One-Wafer Cyclic Scheduling of Single-Arm Multicluster Tools With Two-Space Buffering Modules
    1598 -- 1610FaJun Yang, Naiqi Wu, Yan Qiao, MengChu Zhou. Petri Net-Based Polynomially Complex Approach to Optimal One-Wafer Cyclic Scheduling of Hybrid Multi-Cluster Tools in Semiconductor Manufacturing
    1611 -- 1623Wei Li, Mark W. Spong. Analysis of Flocking of Cooperative Multiple Inertial Agents via A Geometric Decomposition Technique
    1624 -- 1632Desheng Dash Wu, David L. Olson, Cuicui Luo. A Decision Support Approach for Accounts Receivable Risk Management
    1633 -- 1648Changjun Jiang, Haichun Sun, Zhijun Ding, Pengwei Wang, MengChu Zhou. An Indexing Network: Model and Applications
    1649 -- 1664Junpeng Lv, Hai Hu, Kai-Yuan Cai, Tsong Yueh Chen. Adaptive and Random Partition Software Testing
    1665 -- 1673Shyi-Ming Chen, Jia-An Hong. Fuzzy Multiple Attributes Group Decision-Making Based on Ranking Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets and the TOPSIS Method

    Volume 44, Issue 11

    1457 -- 1460Michele Nappi, Vincenzo Piuri, Tieniu Tan, David Zhang. Introduction to the Special Section on Biometric Systems and Applications
    1461 -- 1473Omri Mendels, Helman Stern, Sigal Berman. User Identification for Home Entertainment Based on Free-Air Hand Motion Signatures
    1474 -- 1485Vittoria Bruni, Domenico Vitulano. An Improvement of Kernel-Based Object Tracking Based on Human Perception
    1486 -- 1497Kai-Chi Chan, Cheng-Kok Koh, C. S. George Lee. A 3-D-Point-Cloud System for Human-Pose Estimation
    1498 -- 1509Khairul Azami Sidek, Ibrahim Khalil, Herbert F. Jelinek. ECG Biometric with Abnormal Cardiac Conditions in Remote Monitoring System
    1510 -- 1521Wenxiong Kang, Qiuxia Wu. Pose-Invariant Hand Shape Recognition Based on Finger Geometry
    1522 -- 1533Padma Polash Paul, Marina L. Gavrilova, Reda Alhajj. Decision Fusion for Multimodal Biometrics Using Social Network Analysis
    1534 -- 1548Rui Min, Neslihan Kose, Jean-Luc Dugelay. KinectFaceDB: A Kinect Database for Face Recognition
    1549 -- 0Maria Paola Cabasino, Alessandro Giua, Andrea Paoli, Carla Seatzu. A Remark on the Decentralized Diagnosis of Labeled Petri Nets

    Volume 44, Issue 10

    1289 -- 1300Chih-Yung Chang, Gwo-Jong Yu, Tzu-Lin Wang, Chih-Yu Lin. Path Construction and Visit Scheduling for Targets by Using Data Mules
    1301 -- 1314Christos Anagnostopoulos, Stathes Hadjiefthymiades. Intelligent Trajectory Classification for Improved Movement Prediction
    1315 -- 1327Noortje Groot, Bart De Schutter, Hans Hellendoorn. On Systematic Computation of Optimal Nonlinear Solutions for the Reverse Stackelberg Game
    1328 -- 1346Bingfeng Ge, Keith W. Hipel, Liping Fang, Ke-Wei Yang, Yingwu Chen. An Interactive Portfolio Decision Analysis Approach for System-of-Systems Architecting Using the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution
    1347 -- 1363Yi Zhou, Yan Wan, Sandip Roy, Christine Taylor, Craig Wanke, Dinesh Ramamurthy, Junfei Xie. Multivariate Probabilistic Collocation Method for Effective Uncertainty Evaluation With Application to Air Traffic Flow Management
    1364 -- 1383Michele Bristow, Liping Fang, Keith W. Hipel. From Values to Ordinal Preferences for Strategic Governance
    1384 -- 1400Yufeng Chen, Zhiwu Li, Kamel Barkaoui, Murat Uzam. New Petri Net Structure and Its Application to Optimal Supervisory Control: Interval Inhibitor Arcs
    1401 -- 1412Wei Liu, Yuyue Du, MengChu Zhou, Chun Yan. Transformation of Logical Workflow Nets
    1413 -- 1424Dimitri Lefebvre. Fault Diagnosis and Prognosis With Partially Observed Petri Nets
    1425 -- 1434Jianfeng Mao, Christos G. Cassandras. Optimal Control of Multilayer Discrete Event Systems With Real-Time Constraint Guarantees
    1435 -- 1454Zuohua Ding, MengChu Zhou, ShouGuang Wang. Ordinary Differential Equation-Based Deadlock Detection
    1455 -- 1456Murat Uzam, Gokhan Gelen. Comments on "Supervisor Design to Enforce Production Ratio and Absence of Deadlock in Automated Manufacturing Systems"

    Volume 44, Issue 1

    1 -- 17Eunice E. Santos, Eugene Santos, Long Pan, John Thomas Wilkinson, Jeremy E. Thompson, John Korah. Infusing Social Networks With Culture
    18 -- 29Sebastian Tornil-Sin, Carlos Ocampo-Martinez, Vicenç Puig, Teresa Escobet. Robust Fault Diagnosis of Nonlinear Systems Using Interval Constraint Satisfaction and Analytical Redundancy Relations
    30 -- 46Vincent Augusto, Xiaolan Xie. A Modeling and Simulation Framework for Health Care Systems
    47 -- 58Dmitry A. Zaitsev. Toward the Minimal Universal Petri Net
    59 -- 71Michael T. Mills, Nikolaos G. Bourbakis. Graph-Based Methods for Natural Language Processing and Understanding - A Survey and Analysis
    72 -- 85Annalisa Scacchioli, Giorgio Rizzoni, Mutasim A. Salman, Weiwu Li, Simona Onori, Xiaodong Zhang. Model-based Diagnosis of an Automotive Electric Power Generation and Storage System
    86 -- 102Xiangfeng Luo, Jun Zhang, Feiyue Ye, Peng Wang, Chuanliang Cai. Power Series Representation Model of Text Knowledge Based on Human Concept Learning
    103 -- 110Michael J. Lanham, Geoffrey P. Morgan, Kathleen M. Carley. Social Network Modeling and Agent-Based Simulation in Support of Crisis De-Escalation
    111 -- 120Samil Temel, Numan Unaldi, Okyay Kaynak. On Deployment of Wireless Sensors on 3-D Terrains to Maximize Sensing Coverage by Utilizing Cat Swarm Optimization With Wavelet Transform
    121 -- 129Yuanshun Dai, Gregory Levitin, Liudong Xing. Structure Optimization of Nonrepairable Phased Mission Systems
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