Abstract is missing.
- Text Detection and Localization in Complex Scene Images using Constrained AdaBoost AlgorithmShehzad Muhammad Hanif, Lionel Prevost. 1-5 [doi]
- Text Localization in Natural Scene Images Based on Conditional Random FieldYi-Feng Pan, Xinwen Hou, Cheng-Lin Liu. 6-10 [doi]
- Multi-Oriented and Multi-Sized Touching Character Segmentation Using Dynamic ProgrammingPartha Pratim Roy, Umapada Pal, Josep Lladós, Mathieu Delalandre. 11-15 [doi]
- Conspicuous Character PatternsSeiichi Uchida, Ryoji Hattori, Masakazu Iwamura, Shinichiro Omachi, Koichi Kise. 16-20 [doi]
- Writer Adaptive Training and Writing Variant Model Refinement for Offline Arabic Handwriting RecognitionPhilippe Dreuw, David Rybach, Christian Gollan, Hermann Ney. 21-25 [doi]
- Semi-supervised Learning for Handwriting RecognitionGregory R. Ball, Sargur N. Srihari. 26-30 [doi]
- Evaluating Retraining Rules for Semi-Supervised Learning in Neural Network Based Cursive Word RecognitionVolkmar Frinken, Horst Bunke. 31-35 [doi]
- Design Compact Recognizers of Handwritten Chinese Characters Using Precision Constrained Gaussian Models, Minimum Classification Error Training and Parameter CompressionYongqiang Wang, Qiang Huo. 36-40 [doi]
- On-Line Signature Verification: Directional Analysis of a Signature Using Weighted Relative Angle Partitions for Exploitation of Inter-Feature DependenciesMuhammad Talal Ibrahim, Matthew J. Kyan, M. Aurangzeb Khan, Khurram Saleem Alimgeer, Ling Guan. 41-45 [doi]
- Biometric Person Authentication Method Using Camera-Based Online Signature AcquisitionDaigo Muramatsu, Kumiko Yasuda, Takashi Matsumoto. 46-50 [doi]
- Toward Resisting Forgery Attacks via Pseudo-SignaturesJin Chen, Daniel P. Lopresti, Fabian Monrose. 51-55 [doi]
- Impact of Alphabet Knowledge on Online Writer IdentificationGuo Xian Tan, Christian Viard-Gaudin, Alex C. Kot. 56-60 [doi]
- Coupled Snakelet Model for Curled Textline Segmentation of Camera-Captured Document ImagesSyed Saqib Bukhari, Faisal Shafait, Thomas M. Breuel. 61-65 [doi]
- A Laplacian Method for Video Text DetectionTrung Quy Phan, Palaiahnakote Shivakumara, Chew Lim Tan. 66-70 [doi]
- Using Multiple Frame Integration for the Text Recognition of VideoJian Yi, Yuxin Peng, Jianguo Xiao. 71-75 [doi]
- Real-Time Camera-Based Recognition of Characters and PictogramsMasakazu Iwamura, Tomohiko Tsuji, Akira Horimatsu, Koichi Kise. 76-80 [doi]
- Fast Incremental Learning Strategy Driven by Confusion Reject for Online Handwriting RecognitionAbdullah Almaksour, Éric Anquetil. 81-85 [doi]
- Learning and Adaptation for Improving Handwritten Character RecognizersNaveen Chandra Tewari, Anoop M. Namboodiri. 86-90 [doi]
- Writer Adaptive Online Handwriting Recognition Using Incremental Linear Discriminant AnalysisZhibin Huang, Kai Ding, Lianwen Jin, Xue Gao. 91-95 [doi]
- Using Mouse Feedback in Computer Assisted Transcription of Handwritten Text ImagesVerónica Romero, Alejandro Hector Toselli, Enrique Vidal. 96-100 [doi]
- Seal Detection and Recognition: An Approach for Document IndexingPartha Pratim Roy, Umapada Pal, Josep Lladós. 101-105 [doi]
- Fisher Kernels for Handwritten Word-spottingFlorent Perronnin, José A. RodrÃguez-Serrano. 106-110 [doi]
- Logo Spotting by a Bag-of-words Approach for Document CategorizationMarçal Rusiñol, Josep Lladós. 111-115 [doi]
- Slit Style HOG Feature for Document Image Word SpottingKengo Terasawa, Yuzuru Tanaka. 116-120 [doi]
- Geometric Centroids and their Relative Distances for Off-line Signature VerificationH. N. Prakash, D. S. Guru. 121-125 [doi]
- Offline Signature Verification Based on Pseudo-Cepstral CoefficientsJesus Francisco Vargas Bonilla, Miguel Angel Ferrer-Ballester, Carlos Manuel Travieso-González, Jesus Bernandino Alonso Hernandez. 126-130 [doi]
- Evaluation of Brute-force Attack to Dynamic Signature Verification Using Synthetic SamplesJavier Galbally, Julian Fiérrez, Marcos Martinez-Diaz, Javier Ortega-Garcia. 131-135 [doi]
- Multi-Exposure Document Fusion Based on Edge-IntensitiesMarco Block, Maxim Schaubert, Fabian Wiesel, Raúl Rojas. 136-140 [doi]
- Text-Tracking Wearable Camera System for the BlindHideaki Goto, Makoto Tanaka. 141-145 [doi]
- Real-Time Retrieval for Images of Documents in Various Languages Using a Web CameraTomohiro Nakai, Koichi Kise, Masakazu Iwamura. 146-150 [doi]
- Camera-Based Ballot CounterGeorge Nagy, Bryan Clifford, Andrew Berg, Glenn Saunders, Daniel P. Lopresti, Elisa H. Barney Smith. 151-155 [doi]
- A Gradient Difference Based Technique for Video Text DetectionPalaiahnakote Shivakumara, Trung Quy Phan, Chew Lim Tan. 156-160 [doi]
- Lexicon-Based Word Recognition Using Support Vector Machine and Hidden Markov ModelAbdul Rahim Ahmad, Christian Viard-Gaudin, Marzuki Khalid. 161-165 [doi]
- Scene Text Extraction Using Focus of Mobile CameraEgyul Kim, Seonghun Lee, Jin Hyung Kim. 166-170 [doi]
- Devanagari and Bangla Text Extraction from Natural Scene ImagesUjjwal Bhattacharya, Swapan K. Parui, Srikanta Mondal. 171-175 [doi]
- A Steerable Directional Local Profile Technique for Extraction of Handwritten Arabic Text LinesZhixin Shi, Srirangaraj Setlur, Venu Govindaraju. 176-180 [doi]
- Text Segmentation in Colour Posters from the Spanish Civil War EraAntonio Clavelli, Dimosthenis Karatzas. 181-185 [doi]
- Ornamental Letters Image Classification Using Local Dissimilarity MapsJérôme Landré, Frédéric Morain-Nicolier, Su Ruan. 186-190 [doi]
- Low-Resolution Character Recognition by Video-Based Super-ResolutionAtaru Ohkura, Daisuke Deguchi, Tomokazu Takahashi, Ichiro Ide, Hiroshi Murase. 191-195 [doi]
- F-ratio Based Weighted Feature Extraction for Similar Shape Character RecognitionTetsushi Wakabayashi, Umapada Pal, Fumitaka Kimura, Yasuji Miyake. 196-200 [doi]
- Combining Multiple HMMs Using On-line and Off-line Features for Off-line Arabic Handwriting RecognitionMahdi Hamdani, Haikal El Abed, Monji Kherallah, Adel M. Alimi. 201-205 [doi]
- Shape Descriptor Based Document Image Indexing and Symbol RecognitionEhtesham Hassan, Santanu Chaudhury, M. Gopal. 206-210 [doi]
- Language Model Integration for the Recognition of Handwritten Medieval DocumentsMarkus Wüthrich, Marcus Liwicki, Andreas Fischer, Emanuel Indermühle, Horst Bunke, Gabriel Viehhauser, Michael Stolz. 211-215 [doi]
- Style-Based Ballot Mark RecognitionPingping Xiu, Daniel P. Lopresti, Henry S. Baird, George Nagy, Elisa H. Barney Smith. 216-220 [doi]
- Recognition of Degraded Handwritten Characters Using Local FeaturesMarkus Diem, Robert Sablatnig. 221-225 [doi]
- Locally Developable Constraint for Document Surface ReconstructionYuanlong Shao, Xinguo Liu, Xueying Qin, Yi Xu, Hujun Bao. 226-230 [doi]
- A Distance-Based Technique for Non-Manhattan Layout AnalysisStefano Ferilli, Marenglen Biba, Floriana Esposito, Teresa Maria Altomare Basile. 231-235 [doi]
- OCD: An Optimized and Canonical Document FormatJean-Luc Bloechle, Denis Lalanne, Rolf Ingold. 236-240 [doi]
- Identification of Very Similar Filled-in Forms with a Reject OptionJoaquim Arlandis, Juan Carlos Pérez-Cortes, Emilio Ungria. 246-250 [doi]
- Metadata Extraction from PDF Papers for Digital Library IngestSimone Marinai. 251-255 [doi]
- Form Field Frame Boundary Removal for Form Processing System in Gurmukhi ScriptDharam Veer Sharma, Gurpreet Singh Lehal. 256-260 [doi]
- Graph b-Coloring for Automatic Recognition of DocumentsDjamel Gaceb, Véronique Eglin, Frank Lebourgeois, Hubert Emptoz. 261-265 [doi]
- Fusion of Word Spotting and Spatial Information for Figure Caption Retrieval in Historical Document ImagesKhurram Khurshid, Claudie Faure, Nicole Vincent. 266-270 [doi]
- Segmentation-free Word Spotting in Historical Printed DocumentsBasilios Gatos, Ioannis Pratikakis. 271-275 [doi]
- Automatic Evaluation Framework for Word SpottingKengo Terasawa, Hajime Imura, Yuzuru Tanaka. 276-280 [doi]
- FHT: An Unconstraint Farsi Handwritten Text DatabaseMajid Ziaratban, Karim Faez, Fatemeh Bagheri. 281-285 [doi]
- HCL2000 - A Large-scale Handwritten Chinese Character Database for Handwritten Character RecognitionHonggang Zhang, Jun Guo, Guang Chen, Chun-Guang Li. 286-290 [doi]
- Compression and String Matching Method for Printed Document ImagesHajime Imura, Yuzuru Tanaka. 291-295 [doi]
- A Realistic Dataset for Performance Evaluation of Document Layout AnalysisApostolos Antonacopoulos, David Bridson, Christos Papadopoulos, Stefan Pletschacher. 296-300 [doi]
- The GERMANA DatabaseDaniel Pérez, Lionel Tarazón, Nicolás Serrano, Francisco Castro, Oriol Ramos Terrades, Alfons Juan. 301-305 [doi]
- Trinary Image Mosaicing Based Watermark String DetectionJun Sun 0004, Satoshi Naoi, Yusaku Fujii, Hiroaki Takebe, Yoshinobu Hotta. 306-310 [doi]
- A Generic Form Processing Approach for Large Variant TemplatesYaakov Navon, Ella Barkan, Boaz Ophir. 311-315 [doi]
- Document Binarization Based on Connected OperatorsBenoît Naegel, Laurent Wendling. 316-320 [doi]
- Document Images Restoration by a New Tensor Based Diffusion Process: Application to the Recognition of Old Printed DocumentsFadoua Drira, Frank Lebourgeois, Hubert Emptoz. 321-325 [doi]
- 2D CAD Data Mining Based on Spatial RelationHiroaki Kizu, Junko Yamamoto, Takeshi Takeda, Keiji Gyohten, Naomichi Sueda. 326-330 [doi]
- Keyword Spotting in Document Images through Word Shape CodingShuyong Bai, Linlin Li, Chew Lim Tan. 331-335 [doi]
- Information Retrieval Model for Online Handwritten Script IdentificationGuo Xian Tan, Christian Viard-Gaudin, Alex C. Kot. 336-340 [doi]
- Detecting Printed and Handwritten Partial Copies of Line Drawings Embedded in Complex BackgroundsWeihan Sun, Koichi Kise. 341-345 [doi]
- Document Image Retrieval with Local Feature SequencesJilin Li, Zhi-Gang Fan, Yadong Wu, Ning Le. 346-350 [doi]
- Handwritten Word Image Retrieval with Synthesized Typed QueriesJosé A. RodrÃguez-Serrano, Florent Perronnin. 351-355 [doi]
- Generic Feature Selection and Document ProcessingHassan Chouaib, Nicole Vincent, Florence Cloppet, Salvatore Tabbone. 356-360 [doi]
- Scalable Feature Extraction from Noisy DocumentsLoïc Lecerf, Boris Chidlovskii. 361-365 [doi]
- A New Block Partitioned Text Feature for Text VerificationXiufei Wang, Lei Huang, Changping Liu. 366-370 [doi]
- German Lute Tablature RecognitionChristoph Dalitz, Christine Pranzas. 371-375 [doi]
- Raster Map Image AnalysisThomas C. Henderson, Trevor Linton. 376-380 [doi]
- Information Extraction from Multimodal ECG DocumentsFei Wang, Tanveer Fathima Syeda-Mahmood, David Beymer. 381-385 [doi]
- A Pixel-level Statistical Structural Descriptor for Shape Measure and RecognitionJing Zhang, Wenyin Liu. 386-390 [doi]
- An A Posteriori Probability Calculation Method for Analytic Word Recognition Applicable to Address RecognitionTomoyuki Hamamura, Takuma Akagi, Bunpei Irie. 391-395 [doi]
- Word Image Matching Based on Hausdorff DistancesAndrey Andreev, Nikolay Kirov. 396-400 [doi]
- A Framework for Adaptation of the Active-DTW Classifier for Online Handwritten Character RecognitionVandana Roy, Sriganesh Madhvanath, Anand S., Ragunath R. Sharma. 401-405 [doi]
- High Performance Chinese/English Mixed OCR with Character Level Language IdentificationKai Wang, Jianming Jin, Qingren Wang. 406-410 [doi]
- Arabic Handwriting Recognition Using Restored Stroke ChronologyAbdelkarim Elbaati, Houcine Boubaker, Monji Kherallah, Abdel Ennaji, Haikal El Abed, Adel M. Alimi. 411-415 [doi]
- Combination of Measurement-Level Classifiers: Output Normalization by Dynamic Time WarpingGiuseppe Pirlo, Donato Impedovo, Claudia Adamita Trullo, Erasmo Stasolla. 416-420 [doi]
- Statistical Modeling and Learning for Recognition-Based Handwritten Numeral String SegmentationYanjie Wang, Xiabi Liu, Yunde Jia. 421-425 [doi]
- A New Method for Writer Identification of Handwritten Farsi DocumentsF. Shahabi, M. Rahmati. 426-430 [doi]
- Markov Random Field Based Text Identification from Annotated Machine Printed DocumentsXujun Peng, Srirangaraj Setlur, Venu Govindaraju, Ramachandrula Sitaram, Kiran Bhuvanagiri. 431-435 [doi]
- A Variational Bayes Method for Handwritten Text Line SegmentationFei Yin, Cheng-Lin Liu. 436-440 [doi]
- A Unified Framework Based on the Level Set Approach for Segmentation of Unconstrained Double-Sided Document Images Suffering from Bleed-ThroughReza Farrahi Moghaddam, David Rivest-Hénault, Itay Bar Yosef, Mohamed Cheriet. 441-445 [doi]
- Script-Independent Handwritten Textlines Segmentation Using Active ContoursSyed Saqib Bukhari, Faisal Shafait, Thomas M. Breuel. 446-450 [doi]
- A Novel Rejection Measurement in Handwritten Numeral Recognition Based on Linear Discriminant AnalysisChun Lei He, Louisa Lam, Ching Y. Suen. 451-455 [doi]
- Indian Multi-Script Full Pin-code String Recognition for Postal AutomationUmapada Pal, Rami Kumar Roy, Kaushik Roy, Fumitaka Kimura. 456-460 [doi]
- Bayesian Best-First Search for Pattern Recognition - Application to Address RecognitionTomoyuki Hamamura, Takuma Akagi, Bunpei Irie. 461-465 [doi]
- Handling Out-of-Vocabulary Words and Recognition Errors Based on Word Linguistic Context for Handwritten Sentence RecognitionSolen Quiniou, Mohamed Cheriet, Éric Anquetil. 466-470 [doi]
- Pattern Classification on Local Metric StructureYoshikazu Washizawa. 471-475 [doi]
- Drop Caps Decomposition for Indexing a New Letter Extraction MethodMickaël Coustaty, Jean-Marc Ogier, Rudolf Pareti, Nicole Vincent. 476-480 [doi]
- A Rotation Invariant Page Layout Descriptor for Document Classification and RetrievalAlbert Gordo, Ernest Valveny. 481-485 [doi]
- A Hierarchical Classification Model for Document CategorizationJian-Wu Xu, Vartika Singh, Venu Govindaraju, Depankar Neogi. 486-490 [doi]
- A Novel Feature Extraction and Classification Methodology for the Recognition of Historical DocumentsGeorgios Vamvakas, Basilios Gatos, Stavros J. Perantonis. 491-495 [doi]
- Retrieval of the Ornaments from the Hand-Press Period: An OverviewEtienne Baudrier, Sébastien Busson, Silvio Corsini, Mathieu Delalandre, Jérôme Landré, Frédéric Morain-Nicolier. 496-500 [doi]
- Word-Based Adaptive OCR for Historical BooksVladimir Kluzner, Asaf Tzadok, Yuval Shimony, Eugene Walach, Apostolos Antonacopoulos. 501-505 [doi]
- A New Framework for Recognition of Heavily Degraded Characters in Historical Typewritten Documents Based on Semi-Supervised ClusteringStefan Pletschacher, Jianying Hu, Apostolos Antonacopoulos. 506-510 [doi]
- Application of Multi-Level Classifiers and Clustering for Automatic Word Spotting in Historical Document ImagesReza Farrahi Moghaddam, Mohamed Cheriet. 511-515 [doi]
- Effect of Improved Path Evaluation for On-line Handwritten Japanese Text RecognitionBilan Zhu, Xiang-Dong Zhou, Cheng-Lin Liu, Masaki Nakagawa. 516-520 [doi]
- Online Handwritten Japanese Character String Recognition Using Conditional Random FieldsXiang-Dong Zhou, Cheng-Lin Liu, Masaki Nakagawa. 521-525 [doi]
- A Study of Feature Design for Online Handwritten Chinese Character Recognition Based on Continuous-Density Hidden Markov ModelsLei Ma, Qiang Huo, Yu Shi. 526-530 [doi]
- An Investigation of Imaginary Stroke Techinique for Cursive Online Handwriting Chinese Character RecognitionKai Ding, Guoqiang Deng, Lianwen Jin. 531-535 [doi]
- A Character-Structure-Guided Approach to Estimating Possible Orientations of a Rotated Isolated Online Handwritten Chinese CharacterTingting He, Qiang Huo. 536-540 [doi]
- Threshold Correction of Document Image Binarization for Ruled-line ExtractionHiroshi Tanaka. 541-545 [doi]
- Registration and Enhancement of Double-Sided Degraded Manuscripts Acquired in Multispectral ModalityAnna Tonazzini, Gianfranco Bianco, Emanuele Salerno. 546-550 [doi]
- Document Image Binarisation Using Markov Field ModelThibault Lelore, Frédéric Bouchara. 551-555 [doi]
- Clutter Noise Removal in Binary Document ImagesMudit Agrawal, David S. Doermann. 556-560 [doi]
- Robust Color Image Enhancement of Digitized BooksJian Fan. 561-565 [doi]
- Robust Recognition of Documents by Fusing Results of Word ClustersVenkat Rasagna, Anand Kumar 0002, C. V. Jawahar, Raghavan Manmatha. 566-570 [doi]
- Learning on the Fly: Font-Free Approaches to Difficult OCR ProblemsAndrew Kae, Erik G. Learned-Miller. 571-575 [doi]
- Low Cost Correction of OCR Errors Using Learning in a Multi-Engine EnvironmentAhmad Abdulkader, Mathew R. Casey. 576-580 [doi]
- Error-Correcting Output Coding for the Convolutional Neural Network for Optical Character RecognitionHuiqun Deng, George Stathopoulos, Ching Y. Suen. 581-585 [doi]
- Isolated Handwritten Farsi Numerals Recognition Using Sparse and Over-Complete RepresentationsWumo Pan, Tien D. Bui, Ching Y. Suen. 586-590 [doi]
- Arabic and Latin Script Identification in Printed and Handwritten Types Based on Steerable Pyramid FeaturesMohamed Benjelil, Slim Kanoun, Rémy Mullot, Adel M. Alimi. 591-595 [doi]
- Confidence-Based Discriminative Training for Model Adaptation in Offline Arabic Handwriting RecognitionPhilippe Dreuw, Georg Heigold, Hermann Ney. 596-600 [doi]
- Fine Classification of Unconstrained Handwritten Persian/Arabic Numerals by Removing Confusion amongst Similar ClassesAlireza Alaei, P. Nagabhushan, Umapada Pal. 601-605 [doi]
- Logo Matching for Document Image RetrievalGuangyu Zhu, David S. Doermann. 606-610 [doi]
- Bayesian Similarity Model Estimation for Approximate Recognized Text SearchAtsuhiro Takasu. 611-615 [doi]
- Finding the Most Probable Ranking of Objects with Probabilistic Pairwise PreferencesMikhail Parakhin, Patrick M. Haluptzok. 616-620 [doi]
- Google Newspaper Search - Image Processing and Analysis PipelineKrishnendu Chaudhury, Ankur Jain, SriRam Thirthala, Vivek Sahasranaman, Shobhit Saxena, Selvam Mahalingam. 621-625 [doi]
- Handwritten Text Line Segmentation by Shredding Text into its LinesAnguelos Nicolaou, Basilios Gatos. 626-630 [doi]
- User-Guided Wrapping of PDF Documents Using Graph Matching TechniquesTamir Hassan. 631-635 [doi]
- Handwritten Text Line Identification in Indian ScriptsBidyut Baran Chaudhuri, Sumedha Bera. 636-640 [doi]
- Classifying Foreground Pixels in Document ImagesPrateek Sarkar, Eric Saund, Jing Lin. 641-645 [doi]
- PixLabeler: User Interface for Pixel-Level Labeling of Elements in Document ImagesEric Saund, Jing Lin, Prateek Sarkar. 646-650 [doi]
- Text Line Segmentation Based on Morphology and Histogram ProjectionRodolfo P. dos Santos, Gabriela S. Clemente, Ing Ren Tsang, George D. C. Cavalcanti. 651-655 [doi]
- A Self-Adaptive Method for Extraction of Document-Specific AlphabetsStefan Pletschacher. 656-660 [doi]
- Affixal Approach versus Analytical Approach for Off-Line Arabic Decomposable Vocabulary RecognitionSlim Kanoun, Fouad Slimane, Hanêne Guesmi, Rolf Ingold, Adel M. Alimi, Jean Hennebert. 661-665 [doi]
- Evaluation of Different Strategies to Optimize an HMM-Based Character Recognition SystemMurilo Santos, Albert Hung-Ren Ko, Luiz S. Oliveira, Robert Sabourin, Alessandro L. Koerich, Alceu de Souza Britto Jr.. 666-670 [doi]
- An Open Source Tesseract Based Optical Character Recognizer for Bangla ScriptMd. Abul Hasnat, Muttakinur Rahman Chowdhury, Mumit Khan. 671-675 [doi]
- Character Recognition under Severe Perspective DistortionPeng Zhou, Linlin Li, Chew Lim Tan. 676-680 [doi]
- Vector Representation of Graphs: Application to the Classification of Symbols and LettersNicolas Sidere, Pierre Héroux, Jean-Yves Ramel. 681-685 [doi]
- A Novel Two Stage Evaluation Methodology for Word Segmentation TechniquesGeorgios Louloudis, Nikolaos Stamatopoulos, Basilios Gatos. 686-690 [doi]
- Invariant Primitives for Handwritten Arabic Script: A Contrastive Study of Four Feature SetsSofiene Haboubi, Samia Maddouri, Noureddine Ellouze, Hailkal El Abed. 691-697 [doi]
- Scaling Up Whole-Book RecognitionPingping Xiu, Henry S. Baird. 698-702 [doi]
- Semi-automatic Forensic Reconstruction of Ripped-up DocumentsPatrick de Smet. 703-707 [doi]
- A Symbol Spotting Approach Based on the Vector Model and a Visual VocabularyThi-Oanh Nguyen, Salvatore Tabbone, Alain Boucher. 708-712 [doi]
- A Feedback-Based Multi-Classifier SystemGiuseppe Pirlo, Claudia Adamita Trullo, Donato Impedovo. 713-717 [doi]
- Machine Authentication of Security DocumentsUtpal Garain, Biswajit Halder. 718-722 [doi]
- Semi-automatic Roof ReconstructionTong Lu, Yubin Yang, Feng Su, Zhengxing Sun. 723-727 [doi]
- Robustness of Signature Verification Systems to Imitators with Increasing SkillsFernando Alonso-Fernandez, Julian Fiérrez, Almudena Gilperez, Javier Galbally, Javier Ortega-Garcia. 728-732 [doi]
- Document Analysis Support for the Manual Auditing of ElectionsDaniel P. Lopresti, Xiang Zhou, Xiaolei Huang, Gang Tan. 733-737 [doi]
- Constant-Time Locally Optimal Adaptive BinarizationIuliu Konya Konya, Christoph Seibert, Stefan Eickeler, Sebastian Glahn. 738-742 [doi]
- Enhanced Text Extraction from Arabic Degraded Document Images Using EM AlgorithmWafa Boussellaa, Aymen Bougacha, Abderrazak Zahour, Haikal El Abed, Adel M. Alimi. 743-747 [doi]
- Feature Based Binarization of Document Images Degraded by Uneven Light ConditionJung Gap Kuk, Nam Ik Cho. 748-752 [doi]
- Manuscript Bleed-through Removal via Hysteresis ThresholdingRolando Estrada, Carlo Tomasi. 753-757 [doi]
- Pre-Processing of Degraded Printed Documents by Non-local Means and Total VariationLaurence Likforman-Sulem, Jérôme Darbon, Elisa H. Barney Smith. 758-762 [doi]
- Character-SIFT: A Novel Feature for Offline Handwritten Chinese Character RecognitionZhiyi Zhang, Lianwen Jin, Kai Ding, Xue Gao. 763-767 [doi]
- Page Rule-Line Removal Using Linear Subspaces in Monochromatic Handwritten Arabic DocumentsWael Abd-Almageed, Jayant Kumar, David S. Doermann. 768-772 [doi]
- Improvements in BBN s HMM-Based Offline Arabic Handwriting Recognition SystemShirin Saleem, Huaigu Cao, Krishna Subramanian, Matin Kamali, Rohit Prasad, Premkumar Natarajan. 773-777 [doi]
- New Algorithm of Straight or Curved Baseline Detection for Short Arabic Handwritten WritingHoucine Boubaker, Monji Kherallah, Adel M. Alimi. 778-782 [doi]
- HMM Based Handwritten Word Recognition System by Using SingularitiesSebastiano Impedovo, Anna Ferrante, Raffaele Modugno. 783-787 [doi]
- Shape Encoded Post Processing of Gurmukhi OCRDharam Veer Sharma, Gurpreet Singh Lehal, Sarita Mehta. 788-792 [doi]
- Segmentation of Arabic Handwriting Based on both Contour and Skeleton SegmentationSafwan Wshah, Zhixin Shi, Venu Govindaraju. 793-797 [doi]
- A Kai Style Calligraphic Beautification Method for Handwriting Chinese CharacterWeiping Xia, Lianwen Jin. 798-802 [doi]
- Stochastic Model of Stroke Order VariationYoshinori Katayama, Seiichi Uchida, Hiroaki Sakoe. 803-807 [doi]
- Recognition of Handwritten Numerical Fields in a Large Single-Writer Historical CollectionMarius Bulacu, Axel Brink, Tijn van der Zant, Lambert Schomaker. 808-812 [doi]
- Spatial and Spectral Based Segmentation of Text in Multispectral Images of Ancient DocumentsMartin Lettner, Robert Sablatnig. 813-817 [doi]
- Revealing the Visually Unknown in Ancient Manuscripts with a Similarity Measure for IR-Imaged InksAaron Licata, Alexandra Psarrou, Vasiliki Kokla. 818-822 [doi]
- Italic or Roman: Word Style Recognition without A Priori Knowledge for Old Printed DocumentsLoris Eynard, Hubert Emptoz. 823-827 [doi]
- Restoration and Segmentation of Highly Degraded Characters Using a Shape-Independent Level Set Approach and Multi-level ClassifiersReza Farrahi Moghaddam, David Rivest-Hénault, Mohamed Cheriet. 828-832 [doi]
- Steerable Pyramid Based Complex Documents Images SegmentationMohamed Benjelil, Slim Kanoun, Rémy Mullot, Adel M. Alimi. 833-837 [doi]
- A Method for Automatically Extracting Road Layers from Raster MapsYao-Yi Chiang, Craig A. Knoblock. 838-842 [doi]
- Learning Rich Hidden Markov Models in Document Analysis: Table LocationAna Costa e Silva. 843-847 [doi]
- Seizing the Treasure: Transferring Knowledge in Invoice AnalysisFrederick Schulz, Markus Ebbecke, Michael Gillmann, Benjamin Adrian, Stefan Agne, Andreas Dengel. 848-852 [doi]
- Unconstrained Handwritten Document Layout Extraction Using 2D Conditional Random FieldsFlorent Montreuil, Emmanuele Grosicki, Laurent Heutte, Stéphane Nicolas. 853-857 [doi]
- The Godfather vs. Chaos : Comparing Linguistic Analysis Based on On-line Knowledge Sources and Bags-of-N-Grams for Movie Review Valence EstimationBjörn Schuller, Joachim Schenk, Gerhard Rigoll, Tobias Knaup. 858-862 [doi]
- Improvements in Keyword Search Japanese Characters within Handwritten Digital InkCheng Cheng, Bilan Zhu, Xiaorong Chen, Masaki Nakagawa. 863-866 [doi]
- Hierarchical On-line Arabic Handwriting RecognitionRaid Saabni, Jihad El-Sana. 867-871 [doi]
- Pen Acoustic Emissions for Text and Gesture RecognitionAndrew G. Seniuk, Dorothea Blostein. 872-876 [doi]
- GMs in On-Line Handwritten Whiteboard Note Recognition: The Influence of Implementation and ModelingJoachim Schenk, Benedikt Hörnler, Björn Schuller, Artur Braun, Gerhard Rigoll. 877-880 [doi]
- Using top n Recognition Candidates to Categorize On-line Handwritten DocumentsSebastián Peña Saldarriaga, Emmanuel Morin, Christian Viard-Gaudin. 881-885 [doi]
- Recognition-Based Segmentation Algorithm for On-Line Arabic HandwritingKhaled Daifallah, Nizar Zarka, Hassan Jamous. 886-890 [doi]
- A Framework Based on Semi-Supervised Clustering for Discovering Unique Writing StylesA. Bharath, Sriganesh Madhvanath. 891-895 [doi]
- Embedded Bernoulli Mixture HMMs for Handwritten Word RecognitionAdrià Giménez, Alfons Juan. 896-900 [doi]
- A Collaborative Interface for Multimodal Ink and Audio DocumentsAmit Regmi, Stephen M. Watt. 901-905 [doi]
- PDF-TREX: An Approach for Recognizing and Extracting Tables from PDF DocumentsErmelinda Oro, Massimo Ruffolo. 906-910 [doi]
- Analysis of Book Documents Table of Content Based on ClusteringLiangcai Gao, Zhi Tang, Xiaofan Lin, Xin Tao, Yimin Chu. 911-915 [doi]
- An RDF-Based Blackboard Architecture for Improving Table AnalysisVanessa Long. 916-920 [doi]
- Extraction of Nom Text Regions from Stele Images Using Area Voronoi DiagramThai V. Hoang, Salvatore Tabbone, Ngoc Yen Pham. 921-925 [doi]
- Two-stage Approach for Word-wise Script IdentificationSukalpa Chanda, Srikanta Pal, Katrin Franke, Umapada Pal. 926-930 [doi]
- Online Text-independent Writer Identification Based on Temporal Sequence and Shape CodesBangy Li, Tieniu Tan. 931-935 [doi]
- Author Identification Using Compression ModelsDaniel Pavelec, Luiz S. Oliveira, Edson J. R. Justino, F. D. Nobre Neto, Leonardo Vidal Batista. 936-940 [doi]
- Results of the RIMES Evaluation Campaign for Handwritten Mail ProcessingEmmanuele Grosicki, Matthieu Carré, Jean-Marie Brodin, Edouard Geoffrois. 941-945 [doi]
- A New Arabic Printed Text Image Database and Evaluation ProtocolsFouad Slimane, Rolf Ingold, Slim Kanoun, Adel M. Alimi, Jean Hennebert. 946-950 [doi]
- A Tool for Ground-Truthing Text Lines and Characters in Off-Line Handwritten Chinese DocumentsFei Yin, Qiu-Feng Wang, Cheng-Lin Liu. 951-955 [doi]
- A Methodology for Document Image Dewarping Techniques Performance EvaluationNikolaos Stamatopoulos, Basilios Gatos, Ioannis Pratikakis. 956-960 [doi]
- HMM-Based Handwritten Amharic Word Recognition with Feature ConcatenationYaregal Assabie, Josef Bigün. 961-965 [doi]
- Learning Bayesian Networks by Evolution for Classifier CombinationClaudio De Stefano, Francesco Fontanella, Alessandra Scotto di Freca, Angelo Marcelli. 966-970 [doi]
- Stochastic Segment Modeling for Offline Handwriting RecognitionPremkumar Natarajan, Krishna Subramanian, Anurag Bhardwaj, Rohit Prasad. 971-975 [doi]
- Maximum Margin Training of Gaussian HMMs for Handwriting RecognitionTrinh Minh Tri Do, Thierry Artières. 976-980 [doi]
- A Set of Chain Code Based Features for Writer RecognitionImran Siddiqi, Nicole Vincent. 981-985 [doi]
- Hierarchical Shape Primitive Features for Online Text-independent Writer IdentificationBangy Li, Zhenan Sun, Tieniu Tan. 986-990 [doi]
- Off-Line Multi-Script Writer Identification Using AR CoefficientsUtpal Garain, Thierry Paquet. 991-995 [doi]
- On the Use of Textural Features for Writer Identification in Old Handwritten Music ScoresAlicia Fornés, Josep Lladós, Gemma Sánchez, Horst Bunke. 996-1000 [doi]
- Text Lines and Snippets Extraction for 19th Century Handwriting Documents Layout AnalysisVincent Malleron, Véronique Eglin, Hubert Emptoz, Stéphanie Dord-Crouslé, Philippe Régnier. 1001-1005 [doi]
- Improving the Table Boundary Detection in PDFs by Fixing the Sequence Error of the Sparse LinesYing Liu, Kun Bai, Prasenjit Mitra, C. Lee Giles. 1006-1010 [doi]
- Voronoi++: A Dynamic Page Segmentation Approach Based on Voronoi and Docstrum FeaturesMudit Agrawal, David S. Doermann. 1011-1015 [doi]
- Context-oriented Layout Optimization of Large-Print TextbooksItaru Tatsumi, Hitoshi Habe, Masatsugu Kidode. 1016-1020 [doi]
- Prototype Selection for Handwritten Connected Digits ClassificationCristiano de Santana Pereira, George D. C. Cavalcanti. 1021-1025 [doi]
- Recognition of Handwritten Chinese Characters by Combining Regularization, Fisher s Discriminant and Distorted Sample GenerationK. C. Leung, C. H. Leung. 1026-1030 [doi]
- From Isolated Handwritten Characters to Fields Recognition: There s Many a Slip Twixt Cup and LipChristopher Kermorvant, Anne-Laure Bianne, Patrick Marty, Farès Menasri. 1031-1035 [doi]
- Integrating Language Model in Handwritten Chinese Text RecognitionQiu-Feng Wang, Fei Yin, Cheng-Lin Liu. 1036-1040 [doi]
- Mathematical Symbol Indexing Using Topologically Ordered Clusters of Shape ContextsSimone Marinai, Beatrice Miotti, Giovanni Soda. 1041-1045 [doi]
- Towards Handwritten Mathematical Expression RecognitionAhmad-Montaser Awal, Harold Mouchère, Christian Viard-Gaudin. 1046-1050 [doi]
- Utilizing Consistency Context for Handwritten Mathematical Expression RecognitionKang Kim, Taik-Heon Rhee, Jae-Seung Lee, Jin Hyung Kim. 1051-1055 [doi]
- The Understanding and Structure Analyzing for Online Handwritten Chemical FormulasXin Wang, Guangshun Shi, Jufeng Yang. 1056-1060 [doi]
- A Survey of Techniques for Document and Archaeology Artefact ReconstructionFlorian Kleber, Robert Sablatnig. 1061-1065 [doi]
- A New Approach for Skew Correction of Documents Based on Particle Swarm OptimizationJavad Sadri, Mohamed Cheriet. 1066-1070 [doi]
- New Trends in Digital Scanning ProcessesSebastiano Impedovo, Raffaele Modugno, Anna Ferrante, Erasmo Stasolla. 1071-1075 [doi]
- Document Content Extraction Using Automatically Discovered FeaturesSui-Yu Wang, Henry S. Baird, Chang An. 1076-1080 [doi]
- Graphological Analysis of Handwritten Text Documents for Human Resources RecruitmentRicard Coll, Alicia Fornés, Josep Lladós. 1081-1085 [doi]
- Using Kernel Density Classifier with Topic Model and Cost Sensitive Learning for Automatic Text CategorizationDwi Sianto Mansjur, Ted S. Wada, Biing-Hwang Juang. 1086-1090 [doi]
- Unsupervised HMM Adaptation Using Page Style ClusteringHuaigu Cao, Rohit Prasad, Shirin Saleem, Premkumar Natarajan. 1091-1095 [doi]
- Finding Images and Line-Drawings in Document-Scanning SystemsShumeet Baluja, Michele Covell. 1096-1100 [doi]
- Detection of Incoherences in a Document Corpus Based on the Application of a Neuro-Fuzzy SystemSusana Martin-Toral, VÃctor Arribas, Gregorio Ismael Sainz Palermo. 1101-1105 [doi]
- Image Classification to Improve Printing Quality of Mixed-Type DocumentsRafael Dueire Lins, Gabriel Pereira e Silva, Steven J. Simske, Jian Fan, Mark Shaw, Paulo Sá, Marcelo Thielo. 1106-1110 [doi]
- Comparative Study of Devnagari Handwritten Character Recognition Using Different Feature and ClassifiersUmapada Pal, Tetsushi Wakabayashi, Fumitaka Kimura. 1111-1115 [doi]
- Temporal Order Recovery of the Scanned HandwritingAbdelkarim Elbaati, Monji Kherallah, Abdellatif Ennaji, Adel M. Alimi. 1116-1120 [doi]
- Explicit Fuzzy Modeling of Shapes and Positioning for Handwritten Chinese Character RecognitionAdrien Delaye, Éric Anquetil, Sébastien Macé. 1121-1125 [doi]
- Rejection Strategies with Multiple Classifiers for Handwritten Character RecognitionXu-Cheng Yin, Hong-Wei Hao, Yun-Feng Tang, Jun Sun 0004, Satoshi Naoi. 1126-1130 [doi]
- A New Method for Rotation Free Method for Online Unconstrained Handwritten Chinese Word Recognition: A Holistic ApproachKai Ding, Lianwen Jin, Xue Gao. 1131-1135 [doi]
- A Novel Approach for Rotation Free Online Handwritten Chinese Character RecognitionShengming Huang, Lianwen Jin, Jin Lv. 1136-1140 [doi]
- Hierarchical Decomposition of Handwriting Deformation Vector Field Using 2D Warping and Global/Local Affine TransformationToru Wakahara, Seiichi Uchida. 1141-1145 [doi]
- Recurrent HMMs and Cursive Handwriting Recognition GraphsMarc-Peter Schambach. 1146-1150 [doi]
- Unsupervised Selection and Discriminative Estimation of Orthogonal Gaussian Mixture Models for Handwritten Digit RecognitionXueFeng Chen, Xiabi Liu, Yunde Jia. 1151-1155 [doi]
- Writer Adaptation for Online Handwriting Recognition System Using Virtual ExamplesHidetoshi Miyao, Minoru Maruyama. 1156-1160 [doi]
- Line Segmentation for Degraded Handwritten Historical DocumentsItay Bar Yosef, Nate Hagbi, Klara Kedem, Its hak Dinstein. 1161-1165 [doi]
- A Dual Taxonomy for Defects in Digitized Historical PhotosEdoardo Ardizzone, A. De Polo, Haris Dindo, Giuseppe Mazzola, C. Nanni. 1166-1170 [doi]
- A Modified Adaptive Logical Level Binarization Technique for Historical Document ImagesKonstantinos Ntirogiannis, Basilios Gatos, Ioannis Pratikakis. 1171-1175 [doi]
- Automatic Corresponding Control Points Selection for Historical Document Image RegistrationJie Wang, Michael S. Brown, Chew Lim Tan. 1176-1180 [doi]
- How to Improve a Handwriting Recognition SystemHaikal El Abed, Volker Märgner. 1181-1185 [doi]
- Combining Alignment Results for Historical Handwritten Document AnalysisEmanuel Indermühle, Marcus Liwicki, Horst Bunke. 1186-1190 [doi]
- Separate Chinese Character and English Character by Cascade Classifier and Feature SelectionYuanping Zhu, Jun Sun 0004, Akihiro Minagawa, Yoshinobu Hotta, Satoshi Naoi. 1191-1195 [doi]
- A Multi-Lingual Recognition System for Arabic and Latin HandwritingYousri Kessentini, Thierry Paquet, Abdelmajid Ben Hamadou. 1196-1200 [doi]
- Modeling, Classifying and Annotating Weakly Annotated Images Using Bayesian NetworkSabine Barrat, Salvatore Tabbone. 1201-1205 [doi]
- CASIA-OLHWDB1: A Database of Online Handwritten Chinese CharactersDa-Han Wang, Cheng-Lin Liu, Jin-Lun Yu, Xiang-Dong Zhou. 1206-1210 [doi]
- Recognition of On-Line Handwritten Commutative DiagramsAndreas Stoffel, Ernesto Tapia, Raúl Rojas. 1211-1215 [doi]
- An Improved Online Tamil Character Recognition Engine Using Post-Processing MethodsSuresh Sundaram, Angarai Ganesan Ramakrishnan. 1216-1220 [doi]
- PENTOOLS - A MATLAB Toolkit for On-line Pen-Based Data ExperimentationRichard M. Guest. 1221-1225 [doi]
- Affine Distortion Compensation for an Isolated Online Handwritten Chinese Character Using Combined Orientation Estimation and HMM-Based Minimax ClassificationTingting He, Qiang Huo. 1226-1230 [doi]
- Efficient Generation of Comprehensive Database for Online Arabic Script RecognitionRaid Saabni, Jihad El-Sana. 1231-1235 [doi]
- Capturing Digital Ink as Retrieving Fragments of Document ImagesKazumasa Iwata, Koichi Kise, Tomohiro Nakai, Masakazu Iwamura, Seiichi Uchida, Shinichiro Omachi. 1236-1240 [doi]
- Rearrangement of Recognized Strokes in Online Handwritten Gurmukhi Words RecognitionAnuj Sharma, Rajesh Kumar, R. K. Sharma. 1241-1245 [doi]
- A Probabilistic Framework for Soft Target Learning in Online Cursive Handwriting RecognitionXiaoyuan Zhu, Yong Ge, Feng-Jun Guo, Li-Xin Zhen. 1246-1250 [doi]
- Selecting Features in On-Line Handwritten Whiteboard Note Recognition: SFS or SFFS?Joachim Schenk, Moritz Kaiser, Gerhard Rigoll. 1251-1254 [doi]
- HMM-Based Online Recognition of Handwritten Chemical SymbolsYang Zhang, Guangshun Shi, Jufeng Yang. 1255-1259 [doi]
- Improving a DTW-Based Recognition Engine for On-line Handwritten Characters by Using MLPsMarÃa José Castro Bleda, Salvador España Boquera, Jorge Gorbe-Moya, Francisco Zamora-MartÃnez, David Llorens-Piñana, Andrés Marzal-Varó, Federico Prat-Villar, Juan Miguel Vilar-Torres. 1260-1264 [doi]
- Online Recognition of Multi-Stroke Symbols with Orthogonal SeriesOleg Golubitsky, Stephen M. Watt. 1265-1269 [doi]
- Development and Evaluation of Text Localization Techniques Based on Structural Texture Features and Neural ClassifiersChristos Emmanouilidis, Costas Batsalas, Nikos Papamarkos. 1270-1274 [doi]
- Automated Ground Truth Data Generation for Newspaper Document ImagesThomas Strecker, Joost van Beusekom, Sahin Albayrak, Thomas M. Breuel. 1275-1279 [doi]
- Robust Extraction of Text from Camera ImagesShyama Prosad Chowdhury, Soumyadeep Dhar, Amit Kumar Das, Bhabatosh Chanda, Karen McMenemy. 1280-1284 [doi]
- A Robust Wavelet Transform Based Technique for Video Text DetectionPalaiahnakote Shivakumara, Trung Quy Phan, Chew Lim Tan. 1285-1289 [doi]
- Disease-Specific Extraction of Text from Cardiac Echo Videos for Decision SupportTanveer Fathima Syeda-Mahmood, David Beymer, Arnon Amir. 1290-1294 [doi]
- Improving the Enrollment in Dynamic Signature Verfication with Synthetic SamplesJavier Galbally, Julian Fiérrez, Marcos Martinez-Diaz, Javier Ortega-Garcia. 1295-1299 [doi]
- Global Features for the Off-Line Signature Verification ProblemVu Nguyen, Michael Blumenstein, Graham Leedham. 1300-1304 [doi]
- An Investigation of Predictive Profiling from Handwritten Signature DataMichael C. Fairhurst, Márjory Cristiany Da Costa Abreu. 1305-1309 [doi]
- Capturing Reliable Data for Computer-Based Forensic Handwriting Analysis II: Pen-position ActivationsKatrin Franke. 1310-1314 [doi]
- A Multi-Hypothesis Approach for Off-Line Signature Verification with HMMsLuana Batista, Eric Granger, Robert Sabourin. 1315-1319 [doi]
- Symbol Detection Using Region Adjacency Graphs and Integer Linear ProgrammingPierre Le Bodic, Hervé Locteau, Sébastien Adam, Pierre Héroux, Yves Lecourtier, Arnaud Knippel. 1320-1324 [doi]
- Graphic Symbol Recognition Using Graph Based Signature and Bayesian Network ClassifierMuhammad Muzzamil Luqman, Thierry Brouard, Jean-Yves Ramel. 1325-1329 [doi]
- Inductive Logic Programming for Symbol RecognitionK. C. Santosh, Bart Lamiroy, Jean-Philippe Ropers. 1330-1334 [doi]
- Logo Detection in Document Images Based on Boundary Extension of Feature RectanglesHongye Wang, Youbin Chen. 1335-1339 [doi]
- Identification of Mathematical Expressions in Document ImagesUtpal Garain. 1340-1344 [doi]
- A Unified Framework for Recognizing Handwritten Chemical ExpressionsMing Chang, Shi Han, Dongmei Zhang. 1345-1349 [doi]
- Statistical Classification of Spatial Relationships among Mathematical SymbolsWalaa Aly, Seiichi Uchida, Akio Fujiyoshi, Masakazu Suzuki. 1350-1354 [doi]
- Issues in Performance Evaluation: A Case Study of Math RecognitionAdrien Lapointe, Dorothea Blostein. 1355-1359 [doi]
- Syntactic Detection and Correction of Misrecognitions in Mathematical OCRAkio Fujiyoshi, Masakazu Suzuki, Seiichi Uchida. 1360-1364 [doi]
- Extraction of Characters on Signboards in Natural Scene Images by Stump ClassifiersMinoru Maruyama, Takuma Yamaguchi. 1365-1369 [doi]
- ICDAR 2009 Page Segmentation CompetitionApostolos Antonacopoulos, Stefan Pletschacher, David Bridson, Christos Papadopoulos. 1370-1374 [doi]
- ICDAR 2009 Document Image Binarization Contest (DIBCO 2009)Basilios Gatos, Konstantinos Ntirogiannis, Ioannis Pratikakis. 1375-1382 [doi]
- ICDAR 2009 Arabic Handwriting Recognition CompetitionVolker Märgner, Haikal El Abed. 1383-1387 [doi]
- ICDAR 2009 Online Arabic Handwriting Recognition CompetitionHaikal El Abed, Volker Märgner, Monji Kherallah, Adel M. Alimi. 1388-1392 [doi]
- ICDAR 2009 Handwriting Segmentation ContestBasilios Gatos, Nikolaos Stamatopoulos, Georgios Louloudis. 1393-1397 [doi]
- ICDAR 2009 Handwriting Recognition CompetitionEmmanuele Grosicki, Haikal El Abed. 1398-1402 [doi]
- ICDAR 2009 Signature Verification CompetitionVivian L. Blankers, C. Elisa van den Heuvel, Katrin Franke, Louis Vuurpijl. 1403-1407 [doi]
- ICDAR 2009 Book Structure Extraction CompetitionAntoine Doucet, Gabriella Kazai, Bodin Dresevic, Aleksandar Uzelac, Bogdan Radakovic, Nikola Todic. 1408-1412 [doi]
- ICDAR 2009 Handwritten Farsi/Arabic Character Recognition CompetitionSaeed Mozaffari, Hadi Soltanizadeh. 1413-1417 [doi]